"Heart scans" are not always heart scans

Beware of the media reports now being issued that warn that "CT heart scans" pose a risk for cancer.

One report can be viewed at
http://www.webmd.com/cancer/news/20070717/ct-heart-scan-radiation-cancer-risk.

This was triggered by a Columbia University study of risk for cancer based on the dose of radiation used in CT coronary angiograms. Theoretically, exposure to the radiation dose of CT coronary angiography can raise risk for cancer by 1 in 143 women if radiated in their 20s just from that single exposure.

If you've been following the Track Your Plaque discussion, as well as my diatribes in the Heart Scan Blog, you know that the media got it all wrong. The "heart scans" they are referring to are not the same as the heart scans that we discuss for the Track Your Plaque program.

A conventional heart scan (of the sort we refer to) exposes the recipient to 4 chest x-rays of radiation if an EBT device is used, around 8-10 chest x-rays of radiation if a 64-slice CT scanner is used. For the quality of information we obtain from these screening heart scans, we feel that it's an acceptable exposure.

The "heart scan" this study and subsequent reports refer to is not truly a screening heart scan, but a CT coronary angiogram, or CTA. CTAs are performed on the same CT or EBT devices, but involve far more radiation. CTA exposes the recipient to about 100 chest x-rays of radiation on a 64-slice device (more or less, depending on the way it is performed.) Just a couple of years ago, some centers were performing CTA on 16-slice devices, a practice I and the Track Your Plaque program vocally opposed, since up to 400 chest-rays of radiation were required! I even called a number of centers advising them that they were putting the public in jeopardy. CTAs also require injection of x-ray dye, just like any conventional angiogram.

CTA on 64-slice CT scanners require the same radiation exposure as a conventional heart catheterization, an issue glossed over in most conversations. In other words, the test that many of my colleageus so casually recommend poses a similar risk.

The message: the test I advocate for screening for coronary heart disease is a CT or EBT heart scan, not a CT coronary angiogram. CTA is a useful test and will get better and better as the engineers discover ways to reduce radiation exposure. But, in 2007, CTA is a diagnostic device, not a screening device. If you require an abdominal CT scan because your doctor suspects pancreatic cancer, or a CT scan of the brain because you might have a life-threatening aneurysm causing double-vision or seizures, it would be silly to not undergo the scan because of long-term and theoretical cancer risk.

But undergoing a CT coronary angiogram for screening purposes is ridiculous with present technology. I've said it before and I will say it--shout it--again:

CT coronary angiograms are not screening procedures; they are diagnostic procedures that should be taken seriously and do indeed pose measurable risk for cancer, a risk that is presently unacceptable for a screening test.

You wouldn't undergo a mammogram to screen for breast cancer if it exposed you to 100 chest x-rays of radiation, would you? Screening tests should be safe, reliable, accurate, and inexpensive. CT coronary angiography is none of these things. Genuine heart scans--the kind the Track Your Plaque program talks about and relies on--is all of those things.

Comments (6) -

  • Anonymous

    7/19/2007 12:16:00 AM |

    Dr. Davis, would you please specify the millisievert values you are assuming for chest x-ray, EBCT Ca score, MSCT Ca score, and CT angiogram? I just got a 64-slice Ca score and they told me I received an effective dose of 2 mSv. Would a CT angiography typically result in 20 mSv?

  • Dr. Davis

    7/19/2007 12:59:00 AM |

    Hi,

    Please see my Blog post, CT scans and radiation exposure at http://heartscanblog.blogspot.com/2007/06/ct-scans-and-radiation-exposure.html

    You may notice some differences. There's enormous variation in exposure, depending on how it's measured, how the scan is performed, type and manufacturer of scanner. However, you can get a good idea of ballpark figures from the table in the blog post.

  • Dr. Davis

    7/19/2007 1:02:00 AM |

    Let me try that URL again:

    http://heartscanblog.blogspot.com/
    search/label/CT%20scans%20and%
    20radiation%20exposure

    Or, go to the left sidebar of Blog contents and see "CT scans and radiation"

  • JT

    7/22/2007 1:55:00 AM |

    I watch Fox news.  And with that statement I'm sure some are rolling their eyes.  Never before in the history of America has declaring what news channel one watches apparently pigeonholed one on their political views.  

    Like many I get my news from different locations: internet blogs, TV, radio, magazines, newspapers, etc, but in the morning I often watch Fox and Friends.  I do so for two reasons I suppose, the first being that I enjoy the joking around / humor on the set.  The second reason why I watch Fox is because it goes out of its way to present two sides of a debate.  It seems revolutionary what Fox has done to TV news - present two sides of a story.  Some people become terribly wound up over this.  On a personal note, I have an "ultra liberal" uncle, by his own definition, that in all honesty is so upset over Fox news and me watching it that he no longer communicates with me.  Uncle Gordon probably has never watched Fox News.  He only knows what he has heard.  And knowing him if he did watch he would only see the conservatives and not notice the liberal view point.  I hope one of these days he calms down and we can find ourselves on friendly terms again.  Change is hard for some to come to terms with.          

    When reading this blog, it disturbed me.  I wish that all news reporters tried harder to present two sides to a story. These high radiation reports would be easy to demonstrate as being only half true.  But instead, because of poorly researched, unprofessional reporting, there undoubtedly will be Americans that will decide to not have a life saving CT heart scan for fear of radiation poisoning.  And that is sad.

  • Dr. Davis

    7/22/2007 3:09:00 AM |

    Hi, JT--

    I couldn't agree more.

    If there's one theme that presents itself over and over lately, it is the struggle to discern the truth in the sea of information we're all presented with every day. I can only hope that we all zig-zag towards a real truth over time.

  • Darwin

    7/24/2007 6:34:00 PM |

    Re the CTCA - new study out concerning radiation exposure for young women.

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EKG's and heart disease

EKG's and heart disease


How helpful are EKG's for detecting hidden heart disease?

I pose this question because several patients asked this question just this week. It's also a frequent point of confusion and misperception.

Your EKG is nothing more than an expression of the surface electrical activity emitted by heart muscle activity. Multiple (12) leads are attached to the body simply to provide various "views" of this electical activity. EKG, or sometimes "ECG", is short for "electrocardiogram".

What modifies this surface electrical activity? Anything that modifies the electrical activity within the heart itself, or interferes with the detection of the activity. An old heart attack modifies the patterns of electrical conduction in the heart and that can change your EKG. An ongoing heart heart attack likewise. High blood pressure commonly creates changes in the EKG, as does lung disease. A bellyache can change your EKG, as can a stroke. (These non-heart-related phenomena probably are often due to changes in autonomic, or "automatic," nervous system activity.) The heart generates electrical activity in a predictable sequence that generates the heart beat, or "rhythm". EKG's are useful for monitoring heart rhythm, also.

Does having plaque in your coronary arteries have any effect on the EKG? None whatsoever, unless plaque rupture caused heart attack or is about to cause heart attack. So, you can have a horrendous CT heart scan score of, say, 3000, yet maintain a perfectly normal EKG, as long as the heart muscle is normal.

Then why bother with these iffy tests? They are indeed useful to diagnose the cause of active symptoms. For instance, go to the ER with chest pain and an EKG could show changes suggesting that the chest pain is a heart attack. EKG's are also useful for future comparison. Any change in EKG can suggest certain things, like new heart rhythm disturbances unrelated to coronary plaque.

Think of your EKG as just like buying a used car. Say I'm trying to sell you my 1999 Buick Century. It looks pretty good from the outside and I tell you that it has 70,000 miles and runs well. You ask to open the hood, look in the interior and take it out for a drive. I tell you no, you can't do that.

Would you buy the car? Of course you wouldn't. You were permitted only a very superficial examination of the car. You have no idea what's going on inside. Just because the paint job looks brand new doesn't mean the engine and transmission are good.

The same with your EKG: It's a superficial look at one aspect of this used car called your heart. If the EKG is normal, that's good, just like a good exterior on the Buick. But you cannot assume that the heart is otherwise normal.

View the EKG as a simple, superficial test that can only provide minimal reassurance, no matter how often you have it done.

Comments (6) -

  • David

    4/16/2007 10:32:00 AM |

    Sorry to insert this here since it only relates indirectly to the topic at hand, but I would be interested in your reaction to the following news item courtesy of TheStreet.com (TIA):

    "AGIX - based on further analysis, the company believes the new class of drug, called AGI-1067, may be able to treat other indications."
    "Although the formal primary composite endpoint in ARISE was not met, we believe that the trial generated strong evidence that the use of AGI-1067 will produce tangible clinical benefits for patients with coronary artery disease," said Marc Pfeffer, professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and one of the principal investigators, said in a statement.
    AGI-1067 is a drug with both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity that the company is developing to prevent serious cardiovascular events in people at risk of heart disease.
    The drug is the first of a new class of medicines called vascular protectants, which work by blocking the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances in the inner lining of an artery.
    The trial, which involved 6,144 high-risk patients in four countries with unstable angina, or chest pain, who had suffered a heart attack.
    The trial met some predefined secondary goals such as reducing by 19% the risk of cardiovascular death, heart attack and stroke related to the build up of fatty plaque in the arteries.
    Surprisingly, the drug also showed a beneficial effect on diabetes, yes - diabetes, reducing the risk of getting diabetes by 64% compared to a placebo.
    Diabetes patients are at high risk of heart disease.
    To repeat = "reducing the risk of getting diabetes by 64%". That's tremendous!
    Chief Medical Officer Robert Scott said, "This gives us an opportunity to access both those markets."
    Whether that will require additional clinical studies isn't clear.
    AstraZeneca had agreed to pay AtheroGenics as much
    as $1 billion for exclusive rights to the drug. Analysts had expected the drug to reach annual sales in excess of $1 billion if successfully launched.
    AtheroGenics Chief Financial Officer Mark Colonnese said the company had the financial strength to bring the drug to market alone if necessary.
    The company said that it will show the large data set to the Food and Drug Administration but that the results would require confirmation.
    imo - If the FDA carefully looks again at the study, that same FDA might decide to give
    a fast track to the Phase III trial."

  • Dr. Davis

    4/17/2007 6:29:00 PM |

    Hi,
    Sounds interesting. However, it sounds like it's still in the proprietary stage in which the manufacturer still keeps a lot of the particular close to the vest. We can only wait for more details on what this is, how it works, and whether it offers real benefits in real people, and at what price (monetary and otherwise).

    Dr. Davis

  • Michelle C

    10/26/2007 7:24:00 PM |

    Will all "old" heart attacks show up on EKG?  In other words, if the EKG is completely normal, can the existence of an "old" heart attack be ruled out?

    Thanks!

  • Dr. Davis

    10/27/2007 1:25:00 AM |

    Hi, Michelle-

    No. Ekg's are kind of like judging a used car by its finish--it might look good on the surface, but beneath . . .

  • kokil

    3/2/2010 7:18:38 AM |

    Dr. Davis,

    I am curious to know if ECG results or a treadmill test results can vary for a asthamatic patient vs. him actually having a problem in his heart? Please suggest if in your experience ECG or treadmill test results have experienced a change for other reasons than blockages in the arteries.

    Thanks
    Kokil

  • buy jeans

    11/3/2010 12:25:14 PM |

    Think of your EKG as just like buying a used car. Say I'm trying to sell you my 1999 Buick Century. It looks pretty good from the outside and I tell you that it has 70,000 miles and runs well. You ask to open the hood, look in the interior and take it out for a drive. I tell you no, you can't do that.

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