Doctor,
Have you ever heard of this?
I hear you talking about Lp(a) quite alot and I'm not counting on my daily dose of Lipitor to straighten out whatever else might be going on backstage in my bloodstream, you know?
Let me know what you think.
Adam
http://www.thecureforheartdisease.com/pauling/lpatent.html

Hi, Adam--

Yes, we've tried the Rath/Pauling formula informally but have never seen any substantial effect.

Lipoprotein(a) is a very real phenomenon that clusters in high-risk families with heart disease. The treatment is specific, e.g., niacin, testosterone, and others. However, it must be measured specifically. Be sure to see the extensive conversations on our website, www.trackyourplaque.com.

hello- I am new to your blog and just wondering your opinion on "The South Beach Diet" or what diet/book you recommend.
I am a 50 year old male on a statin with a calcium score of 2. My lipid numbers are OK now but I really want to get off the statin and am totally confused by all the contradicting diet info out forthe public.Help!

Hi Dr. Davis,

I joined TrackYourPlaque today and appreciate your insight there.

The story you relate in this post is incredible really and one I can relate to...

10 years ago I had a mild heart attack at 43 which led to 3 stents.  5 years ago, just symptoms which got me to the hospital which led to a triple bypass.

I've met with a lot of doctors, including cardiologists who appear often to know less about what they're doing than I have come to know through research and reading on the internet.

I guess it's understandable that every adult patient wouldn't get sophisticated lipoprotein subfraction analysis as a matter of course.

But you'd think that someone in my situation would get sophisticated input.

My HMO was and is great for emergency conditions and has highly qualified surgeons and facilities.

But after reading this post, I was struck again by how little informed and significant knowledge about best practice treatment methods one can really get in some HMO contexts.

I know that I've spent a lot of time doing my own research to learn everything I could ('cause I don't want to die young) and I have to wonder sometimes what happens to folks with issues similar to mine who don't have a research and read orientation or the time to learn enough to protect themselves with preventative measures.

Mid Life Male in CA
aka "wccaguy"

South Beach Diet is a wonderful program, at least phases 1 and II. Phase III, in my opinion, is too lax by including too much wheat. However, it is an overall solid and healthy diet. Also beware of its over-reliance on processed foods. The best foods for all of us are in the produce aisle, the ones with no labels.

Our principal website, www.trackyourplaque.com, will also soon be releasing the NEW Track Your Plaque Diet that incorporates many of the concepts discussed here to help achieve control over heart scan scores.

Mid Life Male--

Yes. Lipoprotein testing, in my view, can make or break success in gaining control over your disease.

Unfortunately, the lack of knowledge in this area is not confined to the HMO's. HMO's are, in fact, poorly represented in Wisconsin, yet ignorance among my colleagues regarding lipoprotein testing and other advanced measures of risk persists outside of the HMO setting. In short, it's everywhere. It's up to us to talk about it and spread the word.

Hello- Greg here- I posted the South beach Diet question- thanks so much for the response. A couple questions:
- Is your new book coming out actually a book to purchase or part of your membership web-site?
- Can you tell me when it will be available?
- I know you don't recommend wheat flour products but can you comment on sprouted grain bread line Eziekiel or similar brands, are these any better in moderation? Or should I just forget about bread entirely?
- My calcium score was 2. That was about 3 years ago, now at 50 when should I have it done again?
Thanks!
Greg

Greg - again- sorry, I might be confused here. My calcium score was 2 is that the same as a heart scan score?
I am not sure I know the difference.
Thanks!

Hello- sorry for all  my comments but I just found your site and I am very impressed.
I did a search for Splenda and didn't come up with much- can you comment on this product and the use of it in your program.I have dessert issues... I did enjoy the ricotta dessert on South Beach but what do you think of jello and the use of Splenda in desserts without wheat!There is so much on the web about the evils of Splenda- who to believe?
Thanks!
I really should just become a member I suppose.
Greg

Another question- do you have any thoughts on Dr. Gott's "No Sugar, No Flour Diet"? He is coming out with a cookbook this December to compliment this book.
Thanks!
Greg

Sorry, no. I've heard of it but haven't yet read it. I like the title, however!

In my experience, I've not witnessed any ill effects from Splenda or Stevia. I have seen plenty of mental cloudiness, however, with aspartame. I still think it's a good idea to keep your sweeteners, natural or synthetic, to a minimum.

Yes, a heart scan score and a calcium score are the same thing.

The New Track Your Plaque Diet will be a Special Report posted on the www.trackyourplaque.com website sometime in the next few months.

With a starting score of 2, I would not recommend another scan for 3 to 5 years.

I actually have a 18-month old loaf of Ezekiel bread in my freezer that I have not yet had a chance to play around with. So, no, sorry, no experience nor much knowledge of this specific product yet.

Thanks for the responses.
Can you tell me, in general, how often a person should have a heart scan done. As I said my last one was at 48 ( a score of 2)  I am now 50.
Thanks!
Sorry if I already asked this.
Greg

OK- I have been reading many of your posts today and thanks for your patience with my posting enthusiasm... I think I asked the same question twice!
I have beed struggling for sometime with diet and my physician is no help.
I did lose on South Beach but gained much of it back.
I see that you recommend South Beach but as I read your postings it seems you lean toward a vegetarian diet too or am I reading into this.
By joining the web-site would I get access to recipes and meal plans?
Thanks for help and patience with the new guy.
Greg

Greg--

South Beach is a wonderful program. Following a vegetarian diet is a choice, but not a necessary part of doing well on our program.

Unfortunately, meal programs will not be found on the Track Your Plaque website, just discussion of principles and occasional recipes. We are working towards that, however.

Thanks!
I think I have been reading too much over the years as I have dealing with higher blood lipids and weight gain.
The whole vegan/vegetarian crowd can make me nervous - The China Study, Ornish, McDougall, Fuhrman, Esselstyn, Pritikin, etc.... they all say theirs is THE way. I had the nutritionist write me back from the Pritkin Center and say South Beach (in the one study done) showed no decrease in LDL and that it is a horrible diet.
Also there was an article between Ornish and Agatston in Ornish's column he writes for Newsweek where Dr. Agatston said Ornishes approach was aggressive but perhaps he should offer it to those that want to try it in the future ( I am not quoting correctly but you can google Ornish and Agatston and find the article) It kind of made me feel like he wasn't too proud of his program or maybe he was just trying to appease Ornish.... urrhhh... not sure.
I know as the public we are really lead down different paths and the more I read the more confused I get.
Best- Greg

I always remind people not to  confuse diets meant to achieve WEIGHT LOSS and diets that correct causes of HEART DISEASE. There is a good deal of overlap but there can be crucial differences.

The inclusion of abundant grains, for instance, from whole wheat or whole grain bread and breakfast cereals, magnifies undesirable small LDL particles and raises triglycerides, both powerfully related to increased coronary plaque growth.

We use the heart scan score as our endpoint and guided along the way by lipoprotein patterns. I think this makes us worlds smarter about diet, what works and what doesn't.

Thanks so much for all your help.
I am wondering if your counsel patients at your clinic- either you or your staff.
I am near LaCrosse, WI so not that far away. Or is it better just to join your site?
I did have the LDL test and my particle size were a bit on the small side and as you know I have a calcium score of 2.
Just wondering about next steps for myself- I know you cannot counsel via this blog, just looking for a general recommendation.
Thanks!
Greg

Hi, Greg--
I would suggest using our website.

In all honesty, I do not do the website work to increase my practice. My practice is already bursting to overflowing. I am confident that the Track Your Plaque website can serve your purposes quite well.

I think that the lipoprotien tests should be included in the standard list for testing Cholesterol.

As I've said before, standard cholesterol testing is a fool's game. You can squeeze a little bit of information out of them, but there's so much more information that can be easily obtained through lipoprotein testing like Jack had.

I've read that excessive carbohydrates in general are linked to small LDL and that those following a low carb diet, or reduce carbs below a certain level will not have small particle LDL, but will instead produce large fluffy LDL.

Is this true? Is there an "optimal" level"? And do you feel that the large, fulffy LDL are less dangerous?

I've also read that if Triglycerides are below a certain leve, this pretty much ensures the LDL we produce will be large particles. Thoughts?

Thanks!!

After two years my volumetric score decreased 14% annually, but my Agatston score increased by 33%.  For the Agatston score, a pulsation artifact was noted.  My cardiologist could not explain to me what that was.  Unfortunately, each scan was performed using a multi-slice detector CT instead of an EBCT.

Could the increased Agatston score be due to the pulsation artifact?

Can a person have a high calcium score yet "ideal" lipids -- low tris, high hdl and low ldl, very low crp?

Anonymous,

Yes. Lipids show you a snapshot of a single point in time, and are not a guarantee of anything. Think of it this way: Say you've been eating garbage all your life. Cookies, candy, pizza every night, etc. On top of this, you started smoking when you were 15. Now fast forward. You're 50 years old, you've been putting garbage in your body for almost your whole life, and it hits you: I need to cut this out. So you clean up your diet and give up the candy, cookies, pizza, and cigarettes. You get serious about getting in shape, and start exercising regularly. A couple years go by and you stay consistent with your new lifestyle. You get your lipids checked, and wow! HDL is nice and high, LDL is low, trigs are low, etc. This is great, but it doesn't tell you anything about the damage that's already been done over the last 50 years of bad habits. You could have developed a lot of plaque over your lifetime regardless of what your lipids say now. Lipids are sensitive to changes in diet, and change rapidly regardless of plaque burden.

Good questin..Good answer.
However do good lipids stop,slow or reverse calcium score?

pieroji-

Regardless of the exact mechanism that is truly behind the arrestment of plaque growth, there are definitely certain lipoprotein patterns that are associated with low-risk and plaque regression, so those are the types of patterns we shoot for. The direction of the causal relationship and all the players involved is not completely clear in my mind, though certain lipoproteins, such as HDL2, seem to play an active causal role in such tasks as reverse cholesterol transport, reduction in inflammation, etc.

the 4-60's is a great target for reversing cad:
hdl, ldl, trigs, vit.d

Wow, David.

Excellent description of how this works. Thanks for listening!

Its fantastic Blog.The Infrastructure and technology are the reasons for India being touted as one of the favourite destinations as India medical tourism.

Calcium are very essential for human bones..It improves the growth of bones.

Heart  disease is one of the most  dangerous disease which takes thousands of life every years all over the world. If we know its symptoms and Treatment for heart disease. We can prevent is to large extent.

David -- thank you for your response.  Very helpful.  My problem is a doctor who is clueless about real risk factors.  She dismisses my concerns about heart health because she says I have "spectacularly high" hdl. At least she does not push statins on me.  Total cholesterol is high by  conventional standards and bounces around from 220 to 295, but the ratio between HDL and LDL and Triglycerides ("Tris") are always consistent and have been so for over a decade -- I keep my medical records.  Tris are generally under 50.  HDL is virtually always over 100.  C-reactive protein is always very low.  I do take small amount of thyroid meds -- 60 mg Armour plus 2.5mcg of cytomel.  I tried to explain that at my age -- I need to know what kind of hdl.  I also told her I am concerned about having ferritin at high end of normal (with no periods -- that may soon be even higher) and she laughed it off saying most women are worried about anemia. She had no idea about the different kinds of hdl.  I just turned 47 -- menstrual cylcles seemed to be stopping.  I am 5'2.5" and weigh 103.  I have not eaten wheat for around a decade and have been a low carber for much longer. I don't eat grains of any kind and vascillate between a paleo style low carb and one that includes some dairy. My family history is full of type 2 diabetes -- both parents and brother.  I have a meter and check my glucose fasting and post prandial etc.  Doc says I'm crazy.  I'm a stress eater and during binges -- I overeat nuts and nut butters or very dark chocolate -- 85% cocoa content.  I am never tempted by or crave baked goods or grains at all.  I was eating very small amounts of low carb fruit but find that it destabilizes my blood sugar and isn't worth it. Fasting is mid-80s but AIC has been edging up and doc does not understand that is why I am now testing after meals etc. Lately I've had extreme exhaustion and doc laughs it off as menopause symptom but I am concerned about my heart health.  I eat copious amounts of fat -- just love it -- not a carb craver.  Wondering if that could be insulin resistance? Any advice?

Anonymous,

If you're not happy with your doctor, I would suggest looking for a new one. Also, if you want an advanced lipoprotein analysis and your doctor won't do it, you can always do this yourself. Go to www.privatemdlabs.com and order an NMR LipoProfile. It's fairly inexpensive and super easy. You pay online, go get your blood drawn at a local lab, and then get the results emailed to you in a couple days.

Wow, your HDL is really up there, and triglycerides are nice and low. Has it been this way all your life? Some people have a genetic deficiency of CETP (cholesteryl-ester transfer protein), which makes it so that the transfer of cholesterol between lipoprotein particles (like HDL to VLDL) is impaired. Of course, this means that HDL will go UP while trigs will stay pretty low. This also often leads to lower amounts of small LDL particles. Have you ever had your LDL size checked?

I don't know what is causing your fatigue, but suggest that you keep pressing your doctor until you figure it out. Again, if your doctor just laughs off all your concerns, maybe it's time to look for a new doctor. Personally, I would reassess your hormone situation, including thyroid, and aim for optimal correction of all pertinent parameters.

Have you had a heart scan? What better way to put your mind at ease and/or determine the true nature of your risk? There is a wealth of information here on Dr. Davis' blog as to why this could be a good idea to discuss with your doctor (hopefully she won't laugh it off!).

David

What am I missing here? Has it not been proven that Statin + Niacin combo is like 90% affective in stopping plaque progression in its tracks? Why does that not say that LDL reduction AND particle size reduction,(Niacin for LP(a),works best? Its not just LDL, I developed heart disease with a 90-100 LDL before my Dr discovered  high LP (a). Treated with 10mg statin,1500 Niacin, diet,I am at a30/30 count. OVER&OUT

Let's just summarise. First there was Keys with his total cholesterol. This turned out to be garbage. Then there was LDL vs HDL. But LDL is calculated and, as we know from this site, tells us nothing about anything. Then we have LDL particle size. Small dense is bad, big fluffy is good, noting that big fluffy contains lots of cholesterol per particle and can increase your calculated, or even absolute, LDL. Two factors, most studies use calculated LDL. The bin is there, file promptly.

The second is that something controls your LDL particle size. How, on a practical basis, does Dr Davis control LDL size and density? No wheat and no sugar. Does wheat and sugar elimination alter anything in the body? Wheat contains both an insulin mimetic and two insulin potentiators, plus starches and sugars both increase blood insulin levels per se. Perhaps there is a message here. It's been known for decades that insulin drives the proliferation of the arterial media we call arteriosclerosis.

If insulin also controls LDL particle size (I have no information on this, but I'm willing to bet it does) then Yudkin and Stout are correct, Keys is wrong and the cholesterol hypothesis, what remains of it, describes the effects of insulin on blood lipids. While insulin and glucose do the damage to the arteries.

Just a cholesterol skeptic view.

Peter

Statins are anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative and probably anti other things too. Unfortunately they drop cholesterol levels (in humans anyway). Zetia, like torcetrapib and clofibrate, does the cholesterol dropping thing without the anti everything else that statins bring along. No wonder they killed so many people in the clinical trials. Clofibrate. Torcetrapib.

If a drug company develops a drug which converts small dense LDL to light fluffy LDL without affecting insulin sensitivity or glucose, I predict it will go the way of clofibrate and torcetrapib. There's the bin.

I especially find it interesting that, among the so-called pleiotropic, or non-lipid, effects of statin drugs is a modest rise in 25-OH-vitamin D3 levels.

I think this just once again shows that statins DO reduce heart disease but NOT because of the reduction in LDL. I'm always amazed at the Dr. who say you don't need to be on a statin your LDL is fine. Statins have been proven to reduce death rates in cardiovascular disease by 30 to 40% and yes with niacin by 90%!!!!!!!! Anybody worried about heart disease should be taking them. And save me the "side effects" alarm of statins that is so over blown. The fact is we invented a drug to reduce LDL, it does that but thats not why it reduces heart attacks and we're still not sure why they do. We accidently created a great class of drugs.

I remember in Taubes reading that small LDL are the result of particles being formed in a high-triglyceride environment--if so there is a more direct link to diet than through insulin.

About the merits of statins, can't we at least say that through reducing the number of all LDL particles and hence the number of small particles arteries are protected?

Keith

The drug company slanted this study so that they'd get a wonderful result, that they didn't and the lengths that they went to hide or misrepresent the data that came out of the study has to make you suspicious of what ELSE they have learned.

Did you catch that they also suppressed other study results showing liver damage from Zetia?

Also, did you catch the BMJ story today about the calcium supplementation trial that lowered LDL raised HDL and increased cardiac and stroke events in older women?

While that too isn't a death blow to the LDL hypothesis, it certainly doesn't bolster it.

Peter,

Good post; you have an impressive grasp of the literature on this!  I have a question for you, though:  Besides the epidemiology (which I know you don't buy), aren't there still tons of animal studies linking atherosclerosis to dietary saturated fat?  In fact, to promote atherogenesis in lab animals so they can study it, don't they feed them a diet rich in palmitic, stearic, myristic and lauric acids from animal and tropical plant fats, which works predictably?

Drug companies are actually scrutinized fairly closely, though plenty of shenanigans still go on.

What scares me even more is what may have been going on BEFORE the intensified scrutiny began a few years ago.

Nowadays, the return on investment for treatment of chronic diseases like cholesterol, osteoporosis, and hypertension are so substantial that it is causing them to see a blur between right and wrong.

Yes. I believe that the evidence for that effect of statin drugs is quite confident.

When I question the Lipid Hypothesis, what I really mean is that I question the wisdom of the simple "high cholesterol means more atherosclerosis" philosophy, a belief that is clearly oversimplified, though it contains a germ of truth.

For anonymous,

Of course statins reduce cardiac mortality and obviously it's nothing to do with LDL cholesterol lowering. But before you pop one on the off chance (they are available OTC in the UK) go very carefully through this paper.

You need the full text, the abstract tells you nothing, so here's a summary:

There were 2913 patients in the placebo group. A total of 306 died during their 3 years of not taking a statin. That is 10.5% died. In the treatment group there were 2891 patients and 298 died, that's 10.3%. Bear in mind that these were high risk cardiovascular patients, the sort for whom statin therapy is supposed to be effective in saving lives.

There was undoubtedly a significant improvement in cardiac mortality WITHOUT improvement in overall mortality. To sum up the PROSPER trial, you can have the cause of death changed from heart attack to cancer, but not the date on the death certificate. You choose. Perhaps you're too young to be in the PROSPER trial, but live long enough and you won't be!

PS if you EVER see a statin trial without the overall mortality figures, just assume there was no benefit or worse. If there is even a miniscule benefit it will be broadcast far and wide.

Keith,

Thanks for the pointer. Obviously high triglycerides are a classic marker of hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance. I'll follow that one when I get that far in to Taubes' book. Seems it's looking good for Yudkin.

bad_crc,

Yes, there are thousands of papers like that. They usually use D12451 or something like it. High fat alright, 45% calories from lard. As the rest is? A bit of corn starch, a mass of maltodextrin and an even bigger mass of sucrose!!!!! But of course it's the lard that kills....

Whereas using a real high fat diet you get this paper. I would suggest the 60% of calories from fat us a little low for a rodent. Choosing for themselves they can go to around 80%, get plump but don't develop insulin resistance.

Peter

My understanding is that studies show that statins are effective in reducing heart attacks ONLY in people who have already HAD heart attacks. Not in the general population.

This would confirm the growing suspicion that statins work by limiting the inflammation associated with heart disease. Not through their effect on lipids.

To get back to Zetia/Vytorin, what Dr. Nissen pointed to, which IS in my mind worth noting, was that while the variation in individual endpoints did not rise to statistical significance every single endpoint measured went in the wrong direction. That argues against random effects in my mind.

Beyond that, we know that in most people heart disease develops over a longer period than that spanned by this study, which only lasted 2 years. If all these parameters measured were trending negatively at 2 years, what happens at 5? Or 10? This is one of those drugs that once they put on on it, you take them forever. So the 5 or 10 year result could be devastating if this turns out to be a significant finding.

My suggestion would be continue testing this drug in small studies involving people who are very well informed of the risks, but end the writing of the current 1 million prescriptions a month. That's a LOT of guinea pigs, and if there turned out to be an accelerating pace of problems with it, a lot of people could die unnecessarily.

Statins reduce the number of LDL particles, which is very poorly represented by the conventional (Friedwald)calculated LDL cholesterol.

More importantly, when someone with heterozygous hypercholesterolemia (as in this Vytorin study) has a high number of SMALL LDL particles, then statin drugs, in my view, do provide benefit. But a superior effect would be to specifically reduce the number of small LDL particles, best accomplished with such strategies as elimination of wheat, weight loss via low carbohydrate diet, fish oil, vitamin D, and niacin.

This raises the question of how well the two groups in this study were matched for the number of small LDL particles. To my knowledge, this was not measured.

Let me also remind everybody that the measure obtained and used for comparison was carotid IMT, not carotid plaque.

I'm certain I'm not alone in feeling bewildered that such a dominant theory of the disease could turn out to have been so wrong for so long at such great cost in lives and treasure.

Just as a question of historical interest, how far back in the history of science do we have to look to find this kind of reversal of understanding of what the facts are with such broad and great consequence?

Hi, WC--

I'm not sure, but it's not the first time.  

Is the earth still flat?

Hi Dr. D.

I was thinking of Galileo also and his remarkable discovery that the earth orbits the sun.

But then I thought "surely we don't have to go that far back do we to get to such a broad and consequential paradigm shift?"

Maybe we do.

Could zetia be interfering with the absorption  of simvastatin?

Hi wccaguy,

You may enjoy this discussion article from PLoS. The authors intend it to be provocative, put it does pose the question "on which day did medicine stop making mistakes?"

Peter

In response to Jenny, not all studies on reducing heart attack death havwe been done on people who already had a heart attack. The reduction of 30 to 40% is whether you've had one or not.

Our saturated fat question keeps coming up, but the current common wisdom is that saturated fats are "neutral" in the sense that they raise both LDL and HDL. But do we know what they do to the number of small particles? Of course, if LDL is raised by making particles fluffy then saturated fats are clearly protective.

Keith

Hi, Richard-
No, there was indeed a substantial further drop in LDL with Vytorin over simvastatin.

There is a very modest shift from small to large LDL.

Zetia dropped my very high, inherited LDL to normal, BUT I afer a couple months on Zetia my post-menopausal body stopped making estrogen--my gynecologist remarked on it.  

I also started having a problem with persistent visual afterimages which the ophthalmologist said might also be from having too little cholesterol.

Both problems went away when I stopped the Zetia. I have very high LDL but I also have the "longevity" cholesterol gene which makes for big fluffy LDL as well as very low Apo(b). My doctors--including the cardiologist I saw--are ignorant about the implications of both findings and just obsess about the high LDL.

Since naturally produced estrogen seems to be protective for heart disease, I wonder if some people with inherited high LDL are like me have the large fluffy LDL molecules which give a deceptively high LDL value on tests. For them lowering it with Zetia drops LDL TOO low, so that the body doesn't have the cholesterol it needs for important functions, like making the naturally produced female hormones that may be protective against heart disease.

Hi, Jenny-
Keep in mind that conventional LDL is a flagrantly inaccurate number. In my experience, LDL of 150 when accurately measured (we use the NMR LDL particle number as the "gold standard"), the true number is between 80 and 270 mg/dl.

In my view, conventional LDL is a silly number. It is also the basis of a $23 billion (annual revenue) industry.

In Dec 05 I had a heart scan score of 145.  I went from 10 mg of Lipitor to 80mg of Vytorin and 1000 Niacin, 1 fish oil.  At that time my particle number was 1325 and small particle # 977.  A year later it went to 1503/1277.

In Nov 07 my heart scan went to 291. I then went to 2000 mg of Niacin and 150 COQ10,4 fish oil, 500 mg C, Vitamin D.

My new liposcience profile taken Dec 27 07 shows small particle down to 249 and particle number down to 279.

I dont know why my plaque increased so much but the new lipo profile is impressive in reduction.

Is there anything here that seems weird or is it just the plaque grew fast and is likely now under control with the much improved scores?  All other factors on the profile were great and my Vitamin D is very good and CRP excellent too.  My homosistine was 15.7 is the only thing a bit high.

Thanks!!

Sorry, but I do not assess entire programs on this blog.

I would invite you to participate in the conversations in the Track Your Plaque Forum for detailed discussions like this. There is also a free report on "10 steps to take if your heart scan score increases" on the www.trackyourplaque.com website.

I would not automatically conclude that Zetia causes carotid plaque. This is absurd. And I am definitely not one to come to the rescue of a drug or drug manufacturer. I am simply after understanding and truth.

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Probably probably the most helpful in addition to up-to-date info I came across on this topic. I am positive fortunate that I noticed your article by chance. I¡¯ll be subscribing to your individual rss feed in order that I can have the most recent posts. Take pleasure in all the pieces here.