Fish oil in the news



Hooray for the New York Times. They ran an article pointing out the miserable and inexcusable failure of American physicians to use fish oil after heart attack.

“It is clearly recommended in international guidelines,” said Dr. Massimo Santini, the hospital’s chief of cardiology, who added that it would be considered tantamount to malpractice in Italy to omit the drug.

...in the United States, heart attack victims are not generally given omega-3 fatty acids, even as they are routinely offered more expensive and invasive treatments, like pills to lower cholesterol or implantable defibrillators. Prescription fish oil, sold under the brand name Omacor, is not even approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in heart patients."

The article focuses on the use of fish oil only after heart attack and doesn't tackle the larger issue of how fish oil is crucial for coronary disease in general. Of course, the article doesn't address the extraordinary effects of fish oil on lipoproteins, particularly triglyceride-containing varieties like VLDL and the postprandial (after-eating) intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL).

It also talks about prescription fish oil and just glosses over fish oil as a nutritional supplement. I know of few reasons to use the prescription form. More than 90% of the time, nutritional sources of fish oil do the trick. (That is, fish oil capsule supplements, not just eating fish which doesn't provide enough for coronary plaque reduction or control.)

Occasionally, I'll meet someone who has a severe hypertriglyceridemia (very high triglycerides), or is a Apo E 2/2 homozygote (very rare). These special instances may, indeed, do better using prescription fish oil, since it is more concentrated--one prescription capsule providing the same omega-3 fatty acid content as three conventional capsules (1000 mg fish oil, 300 mg EPA+DHA).


But for most of us, the standard fish oil supplement you buy at the health food store or department store does just fine. If you read about the impurity of fish oil supplements (likely prompted by the manufacturer of Omacor, prescription fish oil), refer to the studies by Consumer Reports and Consumer Labs, both of which found no mercury or pesticide residues in dozens of fish oil preparations tested.

Look on the bright side. The conversation is growing. Fish oil, whether prescription or my favorite, Sam's Club Members' Mark brand, is a fabulously effective supplement with benefits that, in nearly all cases, exceeds the benefits of drugs.

Fish oil is an absolute requirement for your Track Your Plaque program and for you to hope to achieve control or reduction of your heart scan score.

Nutritional approaches to homocysteine reduction


For an in-depth discussion of nutritional approaches to homocysteine reduction, see my new article, Nutritional Therapies for Managing Homocysteine , in the most recent issue of Life Extension magazine. You'll find it at:

http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2006/oct2006_report_homocysteine_01.htm

The report contains a detailed discussion of how to use foods to control homocysteine levels. Though I'm not a homocysteine-crazed fanatic like Life Extension publisher, William Falloon, I still there's some interesting aspects of homocysteine metabolism that need to be explored. I also think there's some genuine benefit to reducing homocystine, preferably with foods, secondarily with supplements.

Also see our recent update on homocysteine on the www.cureality.com website at:
http://www.cureality.com/library/fl_01-006homocysteine.asp

In the update, we tried to make sense of what the new studies on homocysteine treatment, NORVIT and HOPE-2, tell us in light of all the other studies on homocysteine that preceded them.

The American Heart Association diet guarantees you get heart disease!

Perhaps I stated that too strongly.

But the fact remains: the diet advocated by the American Heart Association is awful. The foods endorsed by their approach have no place on a list of healthy foods. Yes, you will find vegetables and fruits, etc.. But you will also find that the 2006 American Heart Association Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations dance around the issue of what foods to avoid. There's no explicit mention of how, for instance, common foods like Shredded Wheat cereal, ketchup, low-fat salad dressings, etc, among thousands of others, should be avoided.

No matter how you time your meals, mix them, combine proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, etc., you simply cannot squeeze health out of products like breakfast cereals, instant mashed potatoes, dried soup mixes, wheat crackers, etc. Yet these are the sorts of foods that are implicitly allowable in the Heart Association's diet program.

You can obtain a little insight into the motivations behind the diet design by looking at the Heart Association's Annual Report list of major supporters:

--ACH Food Companies--maker of Mazola margarine and corn oil. A contributor of between $500,000 and $999,000 to the Heart Association.

--ConAgra Foods--You know them as Chef BoyArdee, Peter Pan peanut butter, Kid Cuisine (pizza, macaroni and cheese). ConAgra contributed between $500,000 and $999,000 to the Heart Association.

--Archer Daniels Midland--Huge worldwide supplier of wheat flours, high-fructose corn syrup, and basic ingredients for manufacture of soft drinks, candies, and baked foods. ADM contributed between $1-4.9 million dollars to the American Heart Association.

Of course, the Heart Association provides many hugely positive services like funding research. But, on many official statements, you need to read between the lines. The Heart Association is funded by industry: medical device makers, drug makers, food manufacturers. Yes, some is contributed in the interest of health. But you can be sure that lots of money is also contributed in the hope of protecting specific commercial interests. Many of those decisions are made behind closed doors or on the golf course.

Be skeptical. Just because the Heart Association diet is a Casper Milquetoast version of a health program, it does not mean that you have to subscribe to their watered-down, politically correct, and downright useless nutrition recommendations.

I'm just right!

Ben is an energetic 45-year old entrepreneur. He started his own security alarm company and has, with tremendous hard work and long hours, built it into a successful local business. Despite his long hours, he found time to coach his son's football team and help with raising his 3 kids.

Ben's life took a detour when he had urgent bypass surgery at age 39. Just three years later, the chest pains and fatigue he'd experienced before bypass returned. Another heart catheterization revealed that all of his bypass grafts except one had closed. Three stents were implanted to salvage his original coronary arteries.

That's when I met Ben. Shockingly (perhaps I should know by now!), Ben was taking Lipitor and had been advised to follow a low-fat diet. That was the full extent of his heart disease prevention program. The burning question that I wanted answered was "Why did a 39-year old man have heart disease?".

Our analysis uncovered a smorgasbord of hidden patterns. You name it, Ben had it: postprandial (after-eating) patterns like IDL, low HDL, and, most notably, small LDL and lipoprotein(a). That's why Ben had heart disease as a 39-year old man--plain and simple.

We proceeded to correct all of his patterns. But the one aspect of his program that he struggled with: weight. At 5 ft 9 inches, Ben started at 285 lbs before bypass. He did manage to get to 270 after his surgery. I told him that, if he was going to get full control of his small LDL pattern, he needed to get to <210 lbs, perhaps even lower. Without substantial weight loss, he would never seize full control over coronary plaque.

Ben was satisfied that we had identified the hidden causes of his heart disease. But he remained skeptical that that magnitude of weight loss was necessary. Built like a football player, he looked stocky but not outright fat. He got down to 240 lbs but then he decided that he looked too skinny and just went right back up to 250-260 in weight.

At a weight of 250, this puts Ben's BMI (body mass index) at around 37, way over the cut-off of 30 for obesity. Now, the BMI can be misleading in people with larger frames and more muscle. But Ben undeniably had a generous abdomen, encasing the visceral fat that drives small LDL.

Unfortunately, Ben remained skeptical until I put three more stents into his right coronary artery last evening.

Small LDL is a powerful activator of lipoprotein(a). In other words, there's something peculiarly evil about the combination of small LDL and lipoprotein(a) that brings out the worst in both. You can't correct just one or the other. You've got to correct both. Don't learn this lesson the hard way.

I think (hope) that Ben is on track to get to around 200 lbs.

Prevention: Bad news in bits and pieces

Jan clearly did not want to talk about her heart scan. Her score of 502 came as a shock to her. After all, she'd survived breast cancer just a year earlier, having been through dozens of radiation treatments, chemotherapy, not the mention the emotional upheaval.

Now I was telling Jan that she had a very high heart scan score with a heart attack risk of 5% per year. Then we got to her lipoprotein patterns: Jan had several striking abnormalities, including a misleading LDL cholesterol that underestimated her true LDL by nearly 100% (LDL particle number), small LDL, and the dreaded lipoprotein(a).

"I can't handle this! Why did I get the stupid scan in the first place?!"

Giving her a chance to collect her emotions, I discussed how, even though this business can be frightening, it's far--FAR--better than the alternative: heart attack at 3 am, rush to the hospital, stents, bypass surgery, etc. Or, death for the >30% of people who don't make it to the hospital in time.

That's why I often tell people that prevention of disease is bad news in bits and pieces. But it's a lot more manageable this way. Coronary plaque is a controllable process. You don't have much control in the midst of a heart attack.

A second chance

Stewart had a CT heart scan in 2004. Score: 475.

As always in the Track Your Plaque program, Stewart had his lipoproteins assessed. Among his patterns were LDL 157 mg/dl, severe small LDL, and the (post-prandial, or after-eating) IDL. Stewart was also "pre-diabetic" with a blood sugar of 123 mg/dl. Blood pressure was also a major issue. Although initially concerned, life and distractions got in the way, and Stewart's attentions drifted away.

Two years of a lackadaisical effort and Stewart's heart scan score was 600, a 26% increase. Not as bad as it could have been doing nothing (i.e., 30% per year), but still far from great. But, even with the increase in score, we still really didn't get Stewart's attention. He went about his business with a very lax dietary program, overindulging in breads, crackers, goodies, hot dogs, etc., and following a virtually non-existent exercise program except for playing golf once or twice a week.

Unfortunately, Stewart started having pains in his chest with very minimal efforts like climbing a single flight of stairs. His stress test proved abnormal. Stewart then received a stent in his left anterior descending coronary and another in his circumflex. His right coronary artery had a 40-50% blockage, close to requiring a stent.

I stressed to Stewart that this had been preventable. Should motivation remain unchanged, the next step would be bypass surgery.

I think I finally succeeded in getting Stewart's attention. He found the prospect of a bypass operation a lot more concrete than the idea of progression or regression of coronary plaque. So Stewart is being given a second chance. Unfortunately, we will no longer be able to track Stewart's plaque very effectively, since two of three arteries now contain stents, and only the right coronary remains scorable.

I hope Stewart succeeds. But I sure wish he had done this earlier. He had realistic hopes of never requiring stents or bypass surgery.

Learn from Stewart's mistakes. Attention to your program requires vigilance. You can't ignore the causes of your coronary plaque for any length of time without it catching up to you. But seize your first and best chance.

Are you a skinny fat person?

AT 186 lbs. and 5 feet 10 inches, Doug did not regard himself as overweight. Sure, he had a little extra "love handles", a small bulge in the belly and a waist of 34 inches. But he was by no means fat, particularly compared to most of his friends, neighbors, and co-workers, many of whom were 50-100 lbs heavier.

But examine Doug's lipoprotein patterns and, if you didn't know what he looked like, you'd guess that he's at least 50 lbs or more overweight. His prominent patterns included low HDL, small LDL, high triglycerides, the after-eating IDL, and borderline high blood sugar of 116 mg/dl. His blood pressure usually ranged around 138/82.

In other words, Doug is among the 5-10% of people who have most of the features of the so-called "metabolic syndrome", but don't look the part. They usually (though not always) have a modest excess of visceral abdominal fat. While some people have to be 100 lbs overweight before they express these patterns, someone like Doug could do it with minimal excess weight, sometimes as little as 5-10 lbs.

Several specific genetic patterns can account for this exagerrated sensitivity to weight, but the solutions remain much the same. Heightened sensitivity to processed carbohydrates, particularly those containing wheat, is commonly present. A sharp reduction in processed carbohydrates like breads, breakfast cereals, and pretzels yields a huge benefit. Reduction in weight, of course, can also yield marked improvement in these patterns. This means that Doug should consider achieving his truly ideal weight of <175 lbs and become a truly skinny skinny person. Though his patterns might not be fully corrected, he will see substantial improvement across the board.

These patterns are also potent triggers for coronary plaque growth. Correction of low HDL, small LDL, etc. is crucial if you are to seize hold of your heart scan score.

Heart disease "reversal" gives health a bad name

Put the search phrase "reverse heart disease" into your internet search engine, and you'll uncover an astonishing range of sites, all making extravagant promises.

The treatment programs offered range from the bizarre (colonic irrigation, magnetism, etc.), to centers using conventional approaches like statin drugs and low-fat diets, to sites that make lofty predictions with few unique tools (slash the fat and heart disease dissolves).

95% or more of the sites you turn up are clearly pandering to the unknowing, the unsophisticated, the hopeless, or other helpless niche groups. Homeopathic preparations, chelation, magnical combinations of herbals, you name it, you'll find it attached to claims for heart disease reversal.

I've seen people use many of these treatments. Is there any effect on the rate of increase of the heart scan score? Do they impact on the 30% per year expected rate of increase? Absolutely not.

Unfortunately, this gives anyone practicing truly effective methods to reverse coronary plaque a bad name. Just associating with this suspect group of "practitioners" can make us look bad--guilt by association.

Whenever someone claims to have the secret of heart disease reversal, I ask "Can you prove it?" Show me some evidence. It doesn't necessarily have to be $30 million drug company sponsored study, but some evidence of effectiveness should be available. The only thing we should take on faith is our religion, not our health care.

Our growing number of people who have, indeed, reversed their heart scan scores--reversed heart disease--to me is persuasive evidence of the value of the Track Your Plaque approach. Not foolproof, not 100%, but the best damned approach I'm aware of, by a long shot.

Trans fats to be banned

Sometimes good may come from legislation.

The City of New York is contemplating a ban on trans-fat use by restaurants, bakeries, and other food establishments in preparation of their foods. (Trans-fats are also known as hydrogenated fats.)

At this point, I believe it's unclear, should this pass, what the response will be. If food preparers turn to butter, that's not much better. (Don't get fooled by the non-sensical argument of which is better, butter or margarine--they're both terrible.) Subtracting hydrogenated fats will no doubt cause major disruption of food preparation habits. It may even increase the cost of food slightly.



I believe that the true positive effect of this situation, however, will be the tremendously heightened awareness it will raise in the public, both in New York and elsewhere, on just how bad and pervasive trans-fats are. It may increase awareness that foods like donuts and pastries are not just about excessive quantities of sugars, but also trans-fat content.

If you're already a Track Your Plaque follower, you already know that the easiest way to dodge trans-fats in your diet is to minimize your use of processed foods--the cellophane-wrapped, pulverized, dried, just-add-water, microwavable and ready-to-eat foods that line supermarket shelves. Trans-fats are purely man-made. You won't find them--not a stitch--in green peppers, lettuce, olive oil, almonds. . .unprocessed foods. Watch for an in-depth report on trans-fats on the Track Your Plaque website in which we will detail the scientific evidence behind this movement, how to recognize when foods contain trans-fats, etc.

Back to basics!

Harold is energetic and highly motivated. His heart scan score of 997 really threw him for a loop: his view of himself as a healthy, slender, 58-year old clearly needed revision.

So Harold set himself on a quest to find new ways to help him deal with his heart disease risk. He enrolled in the Track Your Plaque program. Unfortunately, he skimmed through the information but didn't really put much of it to use.

Instead, he wanted the "secret" information that other people didn't know about, "insider" information that couldn't be found in magazines, wasn't know by doctors.

He'd read that hawthorne was useful for opening coronary arteries, so he bought hawthorne at the health food store. He read that coenzyme Q10 was a little know way to strengthen the heart, so he added that. A Chinese doctor in town was advertising chelation therapy that "dissolved plaque". He subscribed to a once-a-week intravenous infusion at the doctor's holistic clinic of Eastern medicine. He'd heard that testosterone opened up arteries, so he purchased a preparation of chrysin, horny goat weed, yohimbine, and saw palmetto. He was suspicious of many conventional medicines, but he didn't want to ignore his LDL cholesterol of 172 mg/dl. So he added guggulipid and a combination cholesterol-reducing product that contained about 10 ingredients.

Harold pursued his quest, often adding new agents that came with promising stories. One year later, Harold eagerly got another heart scan, certain that his extraordinary efforts were sure to yield a dramatic drop in his heart scan score. The score: 1372, a 37% increase.

Harold was therefore several thousand dollars poorer and several steps closer to taking the plunge, allowing a potentially fatal disease to cut his life short.

The message: There's no need to re-invent the wheel. There are no top-secret ways to reverse atherosclerotic plaque.


Don't neglect the basics. You can't do calculus until you learn how to add, subtract, and divide. From a heart scan score reducing perspective, achieving 60-60-60 in basic lipids, normalizing blood pressure and blood sugar, identifying any hidden lipoprotein patterns like small LDL and Lp(a), losing weight to your ideal weight, taking fish oil, normalizing vitamin D blood levels to 50-70 ng/ml--these are the necessary prerequisites to achieve control over your coronary plaque and stop the increase in your heart scan score.

You don't need to waste your time with the rants of some supplement-hawker eager to sell you the next cure for heart disease. I'm often amazed at the number of people who do so yet have never even taken care of someone with heart disease. Would you allow someone to try and repair your car if they've never actually laid their hands on an engine before? Then why would you entrust such a person with your health?

The Track Your Plaque approach is not fool-proof, but it's the best there is by a long shot.
Everything has omega-3

Everything has omega-3

Walking the supermarket aisles, you may have lately noticed that numerous new products are appearing sporting "omega-3s" on the label.

Some products simply contain alpha-linolenic acid, a tiny amount of which is converted to the biologically active omega-3s, EPA and DHA. Natural Ovens' Brainy Bagel, for instance, carries a claim of "620 omega-3."



I find this confusing and misleading, since people will often interpret such a claim to mean that it contains 620 of EPA and DHA, similar to two capsules of standard fish oil (1000 mg capsules). Of course, it does NOT. I find this especially troublesome when people will actually stop or reduce their fish oil, since they've been misled into thinking that products like this bread contain active omega-3 fatty acids that yield all the benefits of the "real stuff."


Other products actually contain the omega-3, DHA, though usually in small quantities. Breyer's Smart with DHA is an example, with 32 mg DHA per container.


I find products with actual DHA (from algae) a more credible claim. However, the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) has looked at the actual contents of DHA in some of these products and found some discrepancies, including amounts of DHA less than the labeled amount and claims of omega-3 wihtout specifying DHA vs. linolenic acid. (It's probably linolenic acid, if it's not specified.)

All in all, the addition of DHA to food products is a nice way to boost your intake of this healthy omega-3. However, keep in mind that these are processed, often highly processed, foods and you will likely pay a premium for the little boost. For now, stick to fish oil, the real thing.

For a brief summary of the CSPI report and a link to the Nutrition Action Newsletter, see Omega-3 Madness: Fish Oil or Snake Oil.

Comments (5) -

  • ethyl d

    11/8/2007 5:38:00 PM |

    I get really annoyed sometimes when grocery shopping by all the food manufacturers trying to manipulate us into buying their product by trumpeting whatever health angle they can get away with. "Only 100 calories!" "Good source of fiber!" "Low-fat!" Only 1g carb per serving!" "25% less sugar!" They sniff the air for whatever the latest health trend is and see how they can get their product modified a little while still remaining junk to cash in on the trend. They don't care about our health, they just want our money.

  • Michael

    11/8/2007 7:00:00 PM |

    There is one thing I am unsure about regarding all of the 'omega-3' products -- is it even healthy for men to use omega-3 products derived from non-fish (flax)? ALA has been shown to raise the risk of prostate cancer, although some studies also show other aspects of flax decreases the risk (making it all nice and confusing). I've also read, that for some people, who can't convert ALA to omega very well in their bodies,  flax can also raise inflammation levels.

    Should men even bother taking flax or products with  flax omega, at all? My own cardiologist pushes flax on me, oddly enough, even though I guzzle down plenty of fish oil. When I mention possible problems from flax, she basically drops the subject, leaving me in the dark as to why she suggested it in the first place.

  • Cindy Moore

    11/9/2007 4:21:00 AM |

    I saw a commercial for baby food with added DHA being marketed at helping your baby's brain development.

  • Carl

    11/10/2007 9:02:00 PM |

    I found this little article to contain very useful advice.  

    How to Eat - in Seven Words

    "Eat food," said Michael Pollan. "Not too much. Mostly plants."

    Seven words - short ones, no less, totaling eight syllables. Easy to spell, translate, or jot on a sticky note. But really, is that all that needs to be said?

    Pollan - a journalism professor at the University of California at Berkeley and author of the bestselling book The Omnivore's Dilemma - admits that boiling down advice on how human beings should eat to a mere seven words is dicey. A great deal, for example, depends on how one defines "food."

    But in a rousing presentation to a packed room of health professionals at the Fourth Annual Nutrition and Science Conference in San Diego, Calif., on May 2, 2007, Pollan argued that Americans have gone astray when it comes to thinking about food. While other cultures define food in terms of pleasure, sociability, religion or history, Americans are uniquely mesmerized by its scientific aspect.

    We are followers, Pollan said, of "nutritionism."

    "It is an ideology, a way of organizing experience," he said. "Like other 'isms' it rests on a simple set of assumptions, though we don't realize it." The connection between food, science, and health is "a real linkage," he said, "but it has overwhelmed all of the other linkages in our culture."

    Only in America, Pollan said, do people care more about food components - cholesterol, saturated fat, omega 3 oils, fiber and so on - than the foods themselves. And only in America can a low-fat craze grip the country, as it did from 1977 until 2002, to be displaced within a few months by a low-carb craze.

    The problem with nutritionism, Pollan said, is that it gives processed foods a huge advantage over whole foods. "A banana or potato cannot significantly change its structure. But any processed food can be changed overnight to correspond with food fads. You can even rejigger bread along Atkins lines." So the "loudest foods in the market" he said, are processed foods, touting their nutritional virtues via a $42 billion marketing industry, while "these poor whole foods just sit there silently."

    Thus, the irony: Americans are "a people obsessed with eating healthily, yet they are nonetheless very unhealthy."

    Nutrition science has value, Pollan said, but unbridled "nutritionism," pushed by processed food marketers has simply left people confused. In an attempt to simplify food, he came up with his seven-word, three-sentence manifesto, though he concedes that each sentence needs amplification:

    Eat food. The key term here, of course, is "food." We need to make hard distinctions between real food and "food-like products," Pollan said. Some guidelines:

    Don't eat food with more than five ingredients, or with ingredients you can't pronounce, or that contain high-fructose corn syrup (which serves as a 'marker' indicating that the food is highly processed).

    Eat only food that you have cooked, or could cook.

    Eat only food that your great, great grandmother would recognize as food.

    Not too much. The chief harm of nutritionism, Pollan said, is that processed food companies seize on "good nutrients" and "push us to eat more of them." The result is a tendency for Americans to eat more generally, which is one reason why we are consuming 300 calories more daily than in 1985. In the mass of verbiage surrounding food in America, plain overeating is "the elephant in the room." Pollan's advice to reverse the trend:

    Don't eat alone.

    Don't eat in front of the TV.

    Don't eat seconds.

    Perhaps most importantly, pay more and eat less. "I believe that the better quality food you eat, the less you need to feel satisfied."

    Mostly plants. "It's not that meat will kill you," he said. "I eat meat. Small amounts of meat have much to recommend them in terms of vitamins, minerals and taste. Most traditional diets - whether Mediterranean, Asian, Indian or Mexican, use meat sparingly, as a flavoring. I think that's an important lesson."

    By Brad Lemley
    DrWeil.com News

    http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/id/ART02840

  • Dr. Davis

    11/10/2007 11:20:00 PM |

    For anyone who has not read Michael Pollen's book, I would strongly urge you to read this logical and entertaining discussion that attempts to re-introduce rational thinking back into diet.

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What is "normal"?

What is "normal"?

When it comes to laboratory values and medical testing, a common dilemma is knowing what is "normal." Let me explain.

First of all, when you receive a laboratory result for a test, a "reference range" or "normal range" is usually provided. Where did that range come from?

It varies from test to test. For instance, a low potassium is easy, because low potassium levels can lead to life threatening consequences, e.g., dangerous heart rhythms. High potassium likewise, because dangerous phenomena develop when potassium generally exceeds 5.5 mg/dl or so.

But what about something like HDL or LDL. Here's where confusion reigns. Often, "normal" is obtained by taking the average and saying that any value plus or minus two standard deviations (remember that painful class?) represents normal or reference range.

If that were true, what if we applied that principle to body weight. If we weighed several thousand adult women, the average would be in the neighborhood of 172 lbs (no kidding). Does that mean that 172 lbs plus or minus two standard deviations is normal? No, of course not.

There is therefore a distinction between "normal" and "desirable". For HDL cholesterol, your laboratory report might say that an HDL cholesterol of 40-60 mg/dl is normal. But is it desirable? I don't think so. The most frequent HDL level for a male with a heart attack is 42 mg/dl--hardly desirable.

Let's take triglycerides. The average triglyceride level in the U.S. is somewhere around 140 mg/dl. For those of us who do a lot of lipoprotein testing, we can tell you that triglycerides at this level, though generally regarded as being within the normal range, are associated with flagrant and obvious excesses of several abnormal lipoprotein particles that contribute to coronary plaque growth (VLDL and often IDL; small LDL; drop in HDL and shift towards small HDL).

So, always take the so-called "normal" or "reference" values on a lab report as crude guidelines that often have little or nothing to do with health or desirability. Unfortunately, many physicians are not aware of this and will declare any value within the normal or reference range as okay. An HDL of 40 mg is not okay. A triglyceride level of 140 mg is also not okay.

What is okay? What is desirable? That depends on the parameter being examined. From a basic lipid standpoint, of course, we regard desirable as 60-60-60. Desirability from a lipoprotein standpoint we will cover in a more thorough Track Your Plaque Special Report in future.

Comments (2) -

  • Anonymous

    5/12/2007 10:15:00 PM |

    A brief aside, if I may. You speak about the dangers of serum potassium of over 5.5; I was diagnosed as a Type 2 diabetic in December, and my serum potassium is 6.0. What can I do? I know you can't diagnose someone online, but any suggestions would be hugely appreciated.

  • Dr. Davis

    5/13/2007 3:30:00 AM |

    A potassium of 6.0 is potentially life-threatening within a relatively short time. Medical attention is needed ASAP. Unfortunately, this is entirely unrelated to the issues we discuss here.

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You could take vitamin D or . . .

You could take vitamin D or . . .

You could take vitamin D and achieve a desirable blood level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (I aim for 60-70 ng/ml), or you could:

--Take Actos to mimic the enhanced insulin sensitivity generated by vitamin D
--Take lisinopril to mimic the angiotensin-converting enzyme blocking, antihypertensive effect of vitamin D
--Take Fosamax or Boniva to mimic the bone density-increasing effect of vitamin D
--Take Celexa or other SSRI antidepressants to mimic the mood-elevating and winter "blues"-relieving effect of vitamin D
---Take Niaspan to mimic the HDL-increasing, small LDL-reducing effect of vitamin D
--Take naproxen to mimic the pain-relieving effect of vitamin D

So, given a choice, what do most doctors choose? Of course, they choose from the menu as presented by the sexy sales representative sitting in the office waiting room. These medications, of course, are among the top sellers in the drug world, taken by millions of Americans and not just one at a time, but several per person.

The Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, the panel of volunteers charged with drafting a Recommended Daily Allowance for vitamin D, says that you are already getting enough vitamin D, so don't bother taking any supplements and continue to wear your sunscreen. Wonder whose side they're on?

I continue to be impressed that many of the conditions that plague modern people are little more than deficiencies peculiar to modern life, such as vitamin D deficiency, or the result of the excesses of modern life, such as consumption of sucrose, fructose, corn, and "healthy whole grains."

I take 8000 units of gelcap vitamin D and haven't felt better.

Comments (53) -

  • DS

    8/26/2011 12:23:02 PM |

    Do you take the 8,000 units *daily*?  I started out with a serum vitamin D level of 12 ng/ml and was prescribed 50,000 units per *week*.  That got me up to 27 ng/ml (which the doctor considered acceptable).  At that point, a different doctor advised me to take 1,000 units a day, but I started taking 2,000 units and have now reached 60 ng/ml.  I was concerned that 2,000 might be excessive, and now that I have reached a good level of serum D, I thought maybe I should cut back to 1,000.  But you take 8,000 daily?

  • Johan

    8/26/2011 1:10:12 PM |

    D.S. 8000 daily x 7 days = 56000 weekly, not all that different from 50000 weekly.

  • Steve Cooksey

    8/26/2011 1:22:15 PM |

    Love the post Dr. Davis.
    I have NOT been sick in 2+ years... seriously.  I tell people, I don't know if it's the 'low carb primal' meal plan ... or the almost daily exercise ... or the daily D3.  Most likely a combination of all 3. Smile   I take 4-8k daily depending on the season and 'sunlight' exposure.

    Thriving!... not just surviving.

    Steve

  • Melissa

    8/26/2011 1:23:10 PM |

    This may be another case of everyone being different. Over the course of three years on 2,000, then 4,000 units a day I got to 48 then 63 ng/ml. When I upped it to 6,000 units I hit exactly 100 ng/ml. When I was at the lower levels I felt fantastic, at 100 I did not.  I recommend frequent testing to see what amount brings you to the ideal level and keeps you there.

  • majkinetor

    8/26/2011 1:33:59 PM |

    Would it be beneficial to take K2 along with D3 just in case ?
    Vitamin D boosts calcium availability and I wouldn't want it to finish on wrong places.

  • Mary Titus

    8/26/2011 1:58:46 PM |

    Yes, K2, magnesium and zinc should also be taken if you  suspect that your diet might be low in these. I discovered that I do not absorb supplements very well unless they are in liquid form.

  • Dr. William Davis

    8/26/2011 5:07:44 PM |

    DS and Johan--

    Be careful: You're confusing cholecalciferol (D3), the human form of vitamin D, with ergocalciferol (D2), the non-human plant or mushroom form.

    Vitamin D is a (pro)hormone. Humans should ONLY take the human form, never the plant form. For one thing, 50,000 units of D2 is apprximately equivalent to 15,000 units D3, because it's different. It is inferior.

    If a doctor prescribes D2, it's because he has no idea what he/she is doing. There is absolutely NO reason to favor D2 over D3.

  • Dr. William Davis

    8/26/2011 5:08:35 PM |

    Great, Steve!

    I've personally been enjoying the same experience.

  • Dr. William Davis

    8/26/2011 5:12:11 PM |

    Absolutely. Checking every 6 months has worked out very well for us.

  • Renfrew

    8/26/2011 5:15:29 PM |

    There are reports that high intake of D3 will cause calcification of arteries and heart valves. The reported levels are over 50-60 ng in the serum D3. So there seems to be s diminishing effect of high D3 intake. Also it seems that taking K2 will mitigate or offset this effect. There are conflicting reports on this though. Any thoughts?
    Renfrew

  • Dana

    8/26/2011 5:39:15 PM |

    That's true of the plant forms of all the fat-soluble vitamins.  We have been badly misled.

    The statistics and study summaries I've read seem to indicate that somewhere between 40 and 50 percent of the population cannot convert beta carotene to vitamin A in large enough amounts for BC to be useful as an A source.  If the respondents in those studies were only healthy people, the total percentage is far higher;  diabetics and hypothyroid people can't make the conversion.  And that's only adults.  Infants and young children can't make the conversion either, which pushes the percentage even higher.  Vitamin A has many tasks it performs in the growing fetus; helping the urinary tract develop is one of those tasks.  The Mayo Clinic tells us on its website that urinary tract defects are the most common class of defects in the United States.  Vitamin A is also important in eye and tooth enamel development, among the many, many other functions it performs.  How many people are walking around with eyeglasses, and how many young children are getting cavities now?

    The Rotterdam study showed that vitamin K1 in plants does nothing to mitigate heart disease risk, whereas K2 from animal organs and dairy does.  I have heard from other sources that the K2 in natto (mk-7) does not cross the placenta, telling me it's less important to our health than the K2 from organs and dairy (mk-4 or menatetrenone).  K2/mk-4 is important in insulin sensitivity as well as heart health and bone and tooth strength.  But most experts focus on K1 or on the K2 in natto, to our detriment.

    A, D, and K are so vitally important to good physical development and avoiding chronic disease.  The information is out there, in study after study.  If the experts won't admit to it, we need to educate ourselves.

  • Dana

    8/26/2011 5:43:21 PM |

    100 ng/ml is too high for anybody.  Dr. Davis probably hits the high end of acceptable.  No wonder you felt bad.

  • Dana

    8/26/2011 5:47:37 PM |

    I insist on supplementing three of the four fat-soluble vitamins because I've found out the hard way that the plant precursors of those vitamins DO NOT work well for me.  I suspect my experience is more in the majority than the minority, too.  Here's my regimen:

    Vitamin A from fish liver oil (read the label):  8000 IU
    Vitamin D3: 5000 IU
    Vitamin K2, analog mk-4 (menatetrenone): 1-5 drops of a liquid supplement in MCT oil.  This company suggests taking 15 drops a day, which is over 10,000 of the recommended daily intake, and I see no point in going that high.

    If I could afford no other supplements, I always take these.  I suffered from a subclinical (at least according to mainstream medical practice) vitamin A deficiency from 2004 on up to 2007 or 2008 that manifested as reproductive health problems and also birth defects in my daughter.  No one suspected an A shortage as the problem.  I figured it out by happy accident.  I am apparently not a good converter of beta carotene and my daughter paid the price.  I don't like liver, and dairy and eggs are not high enough in the vitamin, so this is what I do.  And this way the vitamins all work together synergistically  and I don't have to worry about toxicity.

  • DS

    8/26/2011 6:20:09 PM |

    Yeah, I know, but I was taking 50,000 units weekly to rectify a profound *deficiency*, not as a maintenance dose.

  • DS

    8/26/2011 6:30:06 PM |

    I don't know if it was D2 or D3 when I was taking 50,000 units per week (by prescription; this was over a year ago), but the 2,000 units (OTC) I now take daily are D3.  If this dose has me maintained at 60 ng/ml, it's amazing how the 8,000 units you (Dr. Davis) take isn't too much.  I guess this goes to show that monitoring is crucial, and there's no one-size-fits-all in supplements.

  • Don

    8/27/2011 12:51:54 AM |

    vit D and sleep apnea
    http://www.musclechatroom.com/forum/showthread.php?18736-quot-Vitamin-quot-D-is-a-Hormone.-It-Cures-Sleep-disorders-amp-many-ailments

  • Gene K

    8/27/2011 1:11:11 AM |

    Long time followers of this blog will recall that Dr Davis has discussed vitamin D and K2-related issues many times here. You can find many answers to your questions by following the search links http://www.trackyourplaque.com/blog/category/vitamin-d and http://www.trackyourplaque.com/blog/category/vitamin-k2. Not all posts will be directly related to this discussion, but you will know what is related and what is not.

  • The Health Magazine

    8/27/2011 4:29:06 AM |

    I guess Vit D can also be gained freely from the nature.

  • Might-o'chondri-AL

    8/27/2011 5:51:18 AM |

    To Jack K. ... posted here since Server blocked this where belongs.
    Hi Jack K.,
    You once mentioned being ApoE4 (I think), thus are specially interested; and are in your "prime" dedicated to physical culture. Frankly I have no insight into how modified fasting or limiting snack fuel would let a body builder achieve their goals. (Doc recently stated how hard it was for athletes to restrict quick energy foods, like carbs.)

    HDL heritability  in the Dutch ERASMUS study was put at 43% and the study of isolated Italian's from Linosa put HDL heritability at 54% (and for those Italians having both high triglycerides and low HDL that dual heritability was 31%). When one considers the ApoA2 percentage in HDL in relation to the amount of ApoA1 in HDL then that detail is going to involve the copy number of ApoA2 genes the individual has; and what is eaten, but not the type of protein one chooses, because it is more lipids (as fatty acid derivatives) that are involved in key signaling roles.

    Doc & others ( ex: WholeHealthSource) tell us saturated fat intake boosts total cholesterol, but more so HDL than LDL; conversely when restrict saturated fat HDL level falls . For those with ApoE4 however Doc repeatedly has mentioned that for them it may be best to decidedly limit fat. In which case triglyceride levels are seemingly something one must work around.

    Restricting saturated fat intake sees a decrease in  ApoA1 because without those fatty acid derivatives (lipid signalers) ApoA1 undergoes more breakdown, and in addition there is less ApoA1 secretion (not only does ApoA1 degrade faster than ApoA2 but the kidneys apparently don't excrete ApoA2, like the kidneys do to ApoA1). This is how statistically low HDL is associated with a higher percentage of ApoA2  in it's make up. Yet genetics can conceivably tweak this dynamic because fatty acid derivatives (lipid signalers) have to up-regulate PPAR alpha (subject to genetic variation), which then acts on the ApoA2 gene regulatory  element "J" (subject to genetic variation) before ApoA2 gets made in the liver (& a bit in intestine).

    Experimentally when PUFA  made up 40% of total dietary fat intake there was less measurable ApoA1 mRNA & less liver secretion of ApoA1; while if 30% of total dietary fat is mono-saturated & PUFA there is usually no change in amount of ApoA1 mRNA, nor less liver secretion of ApoA1. When diet is classified as low fat and fat only 9% of total calorie intake ApoA1 levels usually decrease; I don't know if this is the fat level Doc advises his ApoE4 patients to try. I am not aware of any relevance of dietary protein to ApoA1 levels; however there is some recent indication that iso-flavone plant phyto-sterols (ex: genisten & daidzein from soy) may alter ApoA1 & ApoA2 levels (in contrast to older studies showing no benefit). I garnish food with a dry palmfull of Japanese black soy  fermented 1 year in Koji, called "Tochi", specially imported from Japan for Japanese restaurants by Miyako Foods  626-962-9633 (no financial interest for me); they also make this into a nice specialty miso - but I do not know how it compares in iso-flavone content to other soy forms.

    2011:  Male rhesus monkey's  ApoA1 g/l went up from 2.34 when fed soy stripped of iso-flavones to 2.75 when their soy had iso-flavones; and their ApoA2 g/l went up from 0.20 when fed  iso-flavone free soy to 0.22 when their soy had iso-flavones....Female rhesus monkey's ApoA1 g/l went from 2.19 when fed iso-flavone free soy to 2.75 when fed soy with iso-flavones; and their ApoA2 g/l went up from 0.16 on iso-flavone free soy to 0.19 on soy containing iso-flavones. (As for Lipo-a : that also went down with iso-flavones.) The female 15% boost in HDL (90% of HDL = ApoA1 + ApoA2) being greater than the males is attributed to the fact that some of the males went from pre-puberty to puberty during experiment and there are often sex related variations in HDL; and to be precise the authors stipulate that iso-flavones may not work the same when the subject has either familial hyper-cholesterol or those with ApoE4.

    Doc has given those with ApoE4 and low HDL a little appreciated strategy when he exhorts them not to eat oats, potatoes and wheat bread; these are common foods that increase levels of an asymmetrical lipid called lyso-phosphatidyl-choline (lysoPC). Remember that HDL also contains glycero-phospho-lipids; well, inside a cell the enzyme cPLA2 (cytosolic phospholipase A2) spins off phospho-lipids (another fatty acid derivative). And unfortunately it is usually individuals with low HDL tend to have more lysoPC than normal; which is considered pro-atherogenic when the lysoPC is configured in a "bad" molecular form (and yet other "good" lysoPC  configurations carry desirable DHA across the brain blood barrier).

    It was shown that eating fatty fish 4-5 times a week decreases the total level of lysoPC, and both lowers the amount of  "bad" lysoPC, while raising the "good" configurations of lysoPC; which is another reason to follow Doc's high fish oil suggestion (inter-daily fatty fish might be a lot of mercury intake). I believe Doc is allowing fish oil and  maybe some fish for his ApoE4 patients. This experiment ruled out saturated fat beneficially influencing those lysoPC  molecular variations because subjects avoided all dairy fat, cream or butter.

    The lysoPC that is carried in oxidized LDL molecules negatively affects one's tricky macrophages and also the smooth muscle cells of the artery; lyso-lipids not only invoke signals but can themselves be transformed. Certain lysoPC  yield a lot of  the platelet activating factor (alkyl-acetyphosphatidyl-choline) which contributes to sustaining inflammation, and so sets stage for atherosclerotic plaque. High levels of HDL usually conveniently equates with reduced levels of TNF alpha, a condition resulting in fewer undesirable adhesion proteins on the blood vessel's endothelium;  so, conversely those individuals with ApoE4 related low HDL are statistically prone to more endothelial adhesion proteins, and thus should try to do what they can to keep as much "bad" lysoPC controlled with diet.

  • Dr. William Davis

    8/27/2011 2:17:05 PM |

    Precisely, DS. I've got people who require 20,000 units to achieve this blood level, I've got a rare person who needs none.

    The individual variation in need is quite wide. That's why the concept of an RDA for this hormone is, in a word, absurd.

  • Mike

    8/27/2011 3:30:42 PM |

    I find that even low doses of vitamin D leave me feeling terrible. I get these weird chest pains and lower back pain as well. It also causes pretty bad breakouts for me. I've tried different preparations and brands but it all ends up leading to the same symptoms. This usually happens after I've accumulated a couple of weeks of supplement usage. I haven't experimented with different dosing strategies yet(weekly, bi-weekly or even monthly). I made sure to supplement with magnesium and K2 as well. It sucks because I really like all of the preventative benefits that D3 has to offer but it just doesn't seem to agree with me.
    Mike

  • Joe

    8/27/2011 4:41:48 PM |

    Dr. Davis:

    Any chance that you'll be writing more about the positive results you're seeing in your clinic from increased doses of vitamin D on aortic insufficiency?

    Joe

  • majkinetor

    8/27/2011 8:51:55 PM |

    Since D activates immune function a lot, could it be that you have some chronic infection and effects you are experiencing are because of bacterial endotoxins which are released when bacteria dies ?

    Have you done the D test ?

    If so, perhaps taking some detox supplement would help like huge doses of Vitamin C, clay, NAC etc...

  • Dr. William Davis

    8/27/2011 10:39:35 PM |

    Sure, good idea. However, the majority of experiences have been in aortic stenosis, not insufficiency, only because I've got about 10 people with stenosis for every 1 with insufficiency--just too uncommon.

  • Dr. William Davis

    8/27/2011 10:41:04 PM |

    Hi, Mike--
    Sorry about your struggles. I've seen this once or twice, but I'm not sure about why. You might ask your doctor to at least investigate parathyroid and adrenal status, e.g., PTH, calcium, and salivary cortisols. These might booby trap a vitamin D effort. After all, taking vitamin D should be no more dangerous than getting a nice tan.

  • Mike

    8/27/2011 11:48:55 PM |

    Are you suggesting that my reaction could be from some sort of bacterial "die off?"

    Interesting. I never really thought about it. I did get my levels checked during the few months I was supplementing and it was only 52ng/ml.

  • Jean

    8/28/2011 2:20:12 AM |

    Mike, are you getting enough quality Vitamin A? Vitamin A and D work together. Chris Masterjohn had a post about it on the Weston A. Price website, they have a lot of info there about A and D levels and how they work together. Other people have had reactions to D also and found that they deficient in A, mostly, I think, by evaluating their diet and seeing there were few good sources of A there. Also, older people and some just not so lucky folks don't process beta carotene into vitamin A, it's age and genetics.

  • Mike

    8/28/2011 2:49:48 AM |

    It was recommended that I take additional magnesium and vitamin k2 to see if it would make a difference. I've never taken additional vitamin A though because according to the  vitamin d council, additional vitamin A can be toxic.

    I have read that Masterjohn article before though.

  • Jennifer

    8/28/2011 1:55:19 PM |

    I just wanted to add my experience on Vit. D3 supplementation.

    Two years ago in July I started supplementing 5,000 i.u. Vit. D3 a day.  My sister had been found low, I live relatively the same lifestyle, and thought, "what the heck, I'll start and get my blood tested in late winter next year".  

    That next March I had a blood test and found my blood levels to be at a whopping  32 ng/ml.  My doctor said "fine, you're within range" and I thought, "no, that's not fine" and started to take 15,000 i.u. a day.  In March again this year I had a blood draw, and expected to see a very high ng/ml of Vit. D.  My actual result?  It had raised to 45 ng/ml.  I was floored that with that amount, my levels had only raised such a small amount.  

    I will add that I am obese.   I just wanted to give you my experience with D3 supplementation in case it helps someone else.  I have now upped my supplementation once more to 20,000 i.u. a day, and if my next blood test is appreciably better, will hold at that level or drop back some.  I will add that I haven't had many if any colds this past year, so even if I have not attained a more optimal level (perhaps I can't due to obesity)  it's still doing me a lot of good.

  • Mike

    8/28/2011 2:50:22 PM |

    Oh, I forgot to mention. A friend of mine suggested I try applying liquid vitamin D on my skin and then checking to see if that raises/maintains my blood levels.

    I'm thinking about applying 5 to 8k per day to the skin AFTER I shower so that it gets plenty of time to absorb in the skin. Then re-test my levels after a few months to see if it works.

  • Dr. William Davis

    8/29/2011 12:09:27 PM |

    Please let me know what becomes of your experience! We've not tried this specific strategy.

  • Dr. William Davis

    8/29/2011 12:10:53 PM |

    Hi, Jennifer--

    Yes, indeed: The individual experiences with vitamin D can vary widely. You may also note that, 3 or so years into the experience, your needs will diminish, sometimes dramatically, with less vit D required to generate the same blood level.

  • Linda

    8/30/2011 3:55:38 PM |

    I began experiencing tightness and soreness in my hips and lower back this year. Have been low carbing for over three years, and, except for a short period of stupidity earlier this year, have not consumed any flour products. My multi-vitamin contains only 500 IU of D3, so I am adding this to my daily supplementing. Should I start slowly, 1000 IU a day for a month, and slowly increase? Is D3 toxic? BTW I am in my late 60's, and I do exercise 5-6 days a week as well.

  • hggh2

    8/30/2011 5:23:55 PM |

    I have read that 20-25ng/ml is optimal.
    "Although numerous studies have not
    observed any adverse effects of higher
    vitamin D status, a few have. Historically,
    the main health risks associated with
    excessive vitamin D are linked with
    abnormal plasma calcium concentrations.
    Excessive vitamin D is recognized to
    cause hypercalcemia by increasing intestinal
    calcium absorption or by increasing
    mobilization of bone calcium. Although
    hypercalcemia is uncommon with intakes
    less than 10 000 IU/d,3 knowledge of
    non-calcium-related adverse events is
    limited. At least some evidence suggests
    that high vitamin D status may be associated
    with increased risk of some cancers.
    In a large case control study of prostate
    cancer in Finland and Norway, both
    low (32 ng/mL)
    25(OH)D concentrations were reported
    to be associated with an increased incidence
    of prostate cancer (50% and 70%,
    respectively) compared with individuals
    with serum 25(OH)D concentrations
    between 16 and 24 ng/mL.4 A direct relationship
    between higher vitamin D status
    and the development of esophageal
    carcinoma also has been observed in
    Chinese men.5 Interestingly, all the participants,
    including those in the highest
    quintile, were vitamin D deficient (26.2
    ng/mL) with a 3-fold increased risk of
    pancreatic cancer compared to individuals
    with the lowest baseline status (<12.8
    ng/mL). Overall, these studies suggest
    there may be an optimum status and that
    values below or above may increase risk
    of certain types of cancer.
    Adverse events associated with high vitamin
    D status other than cancer also have
    been observed. Recent data from large
    epidemiologic studies, including the Third
    National Health and Nutrition Examination
    Survey (NHANES III) and the Framingham
    Heart Study, suggest that a “U-shaped
    curve” relationship exists with all-cause
    mortality and the incidence of cardiovascular
    disease because both low and high
    25(OH)D concentrations elevated risk.7,8
    In the NHANES III study, higher mortality
    risk was observed in participants
    with 25(OH)D above 49 ng/mL. In the
    Framingham study, the lowest cardiovascular
    disease risks were found in
    participants with baseline 25(OH)D levels
    of 20 to 25 ng/mL but increased with both
    lower and higher values,8 thus suggesting
    that increased cardiovascular risk occurred
    at levels below 30 ng/mL. Furthermore,
    the optimal 25(OH)D levels for protection
    against cardiovascular disease and certain
    types of cancer may differ from those
    for bone metabolism or normal parathyroid
    hormone physiology."
    from 'too much.pdf' in http://is.gd/vT4Ogh Studies from DrGreger collection.

    DrGreger has since changed his recommendation from 4000IU to 2000IU/day:
    http://www.facebook.com/NutritionFacts.org/posts/193068787424836 yesterday's update

  • Dr. William Davis

    8/30/2011 6:42:20 PM |

    As knowledge marches forward, there will always be differing observations made, some good, some bad, some indifferent.

    However, if we weigh the totality of evidence (and I throw in my experience that now amounts to several thousand patients), there has never been any strategy as powerful as vitamin D--except for elimination of wheat in the human diet, the two most spectacular new health strategies I have encountered in my career.

  • Johnt

    8/31/2011 1:51:15 AM |

    what happened to my post?

  • Johnt

    9/2/2011 4:04:32 PM |

    I posted 30Aug11 about a concern I have concerning D3 toxicity, but the message disappeared. I have been following for some two years a daily D3 regimen (4000-8000mg) without incident. I recently experienced unusual chest pains over a week and ended up getting a thorough checkup which found no apparent heart problems. However upon disclosing my protracted D3 intake (considered “very high!") it was suggested I suspend D3 for awhile on the off chance D3 toxicity may be the source of my symptoms. I was wondering if anyone else here has had this experience. As I look into this more, I have learned that D3 toxicity is more subtle and prevalent than I had thought, and is not something to be taken lightly. Clearly as Dr Davis has cautioned, adjusting to the right dosage varies from person to person, and given the latent build up of D3 in fat tissue over time, it is not as straight forward getting it right as one might think. In my case the jury is still out.

  • Johnt

    9/2/2011 4:08:38 PM |

    re previous message: 4000-8000 mg = 4000-8000iu's

  • Michelle

    9/7/2011 5:25:07 PM |

    I swear by vitamin D3. It helps me avoid asthma flare ups and kick bugs before they can make me wheeze. In the warm months, I make sure to get outside as much as possible as there are other things produced by the sun in addition to Vitamin D, some of which may be important. Then in the winter, I supplement 2-5k ius a day, increasing to 20k ius when sick.

    M

  • Melinda P

    9/13/2011 5:05:38 PM |

    Is taking a high dose of Vitamin D3 during pregnancy safe? I know most of the "recommendations" are to take 200 IU, but I have some 5000 IU pills in my cabinet, and am wondering if those would be safe or not. Or should I find a lower dosage pill?

  • Dr. William Davis

    9/14/2011 2:43:36 AM |

    Hi, Melinda--

    Sadly, there are next to no data for how to best manage vitamin D and pregnancy. However, common sense would suggest that achieving a desirable blood vitamin D level should not be harmful, else getting a tan while pregnancy would be harmful, too.

    A dose of 5000 units typically yields a healthy blood vitamin D level in the majority of females.

  • rose

    9/14/2011 2:44:09 PM |

    Hi Mike & Dr. Davis!

    Can you please tell me, has anything worked for you yet? I too do not like the feeling I get on Vit D3 but I am only at 31 and need  to start taking 8,000 a day as well.

    Also Doctor Davis can you please please elaborate on these: "parathyroid and adrenal status, e.g., PTH, calcium, and salivary cortisols". and why they would booby trap the Vit D3 efforts? How does someone work around this ang take Vit D3?? I found out yesterday I happen to have a high Reverse T3 and need to go on thyroid meds and also have adrenal issues. As well as low insulin levels. So I might be the one who is getting booby trapped.

    Any help appreciated

    Thank you!

  • rose

    9/14/2011 2:46:23 PM |

    Hi Mike & Dr. Davis!

    Doctor Davis can you please please elaborate on these: "parathyroid and adrenal status, e.g., PTH, calcium, and salivary cortisols". and why they would booby trap the Vit D3 efforts? How does someone work around this ang take Vit D3?? I found out yesterday I happen to have a high Reverse T3 and need to go on thyroid meds and also have adrenal issues. As well as low insulin levels. So I might be the one who is getting booby trapped.
    My Vit D3 is only at 31 and have been prescribed 10,000  a day. I really want to start but I have not liked how I have felt in the past on Vit D3.
    Any help appreciated

    Thank you!

  • Dr. William Davis

    9/15/2011 11:49:44 AM |

    Hi, Rose--

    The key here is to find someone who can guide you along while monitoring and interpreting these factors. The greatest difficulty: finding a healthcare practitioner with the knowledge, experience, and interest in doing so.

    As crude as it is, you are still best with word of mouth: asking friends and family who has been a helpful advocate with health problems, especially those involving vitamin D.

  • Reikime

    9/22/2011 2:40:34 AM |

    Hi Dr. D,
    I posted a question on another thread about vitamin D and calcium levels and now I think this thread is more current and probably relevant .
    I am being worked up at the moment for a possible parathyroid adenoma. My serum calcium has been trending up for the past few years and is now 10.3 (x2).
      Way back in 2005 I started reading about the benefits of supplementing with D and used 1000iu/day, as well as 400-800 magnesium and Life Extension's K2. Fast forward to 2009 and imagine my surprise at my D levels being 26!  Increased it to 5-6k per day and went to 43.
    Dr. James Norman is considered to be the foremost expert on all things parathyroid here in the US , and his website : parathyroid.com.  was very informative for me, but concerned me regarding blanket supplementation of vitamin D.
    I respect your opinions greatly and would like your thoughts as to his information.

    Thanks!
    Reikime (RN)

  • Dr. William Davis

    9/23/2011 12:46:10 AM |

    Hi, Reikime--

    I am obviously no authority on parathyroid tumors. Dr. Norman's website is very interesting and makes great sense. I, too, in looking at vitamin D, calcium, and PTH levels have uncovered several parathyroid tumors. It appears to be a lot more common than previously thought.

    The only issue I would disagree strongly with is the statement that the ONLY purpose of vitamin D is to increase intestinal absorption of calcium. In fact, among the most exciting areas of research with vitamin D are a new appreciation for the widespread, multi-faceted effects vit D has in multiple, perhaps all, organ systems.

  • Johnny Bourdeaux

    9/28/2011 2:39:58 AM |

    Hi Dr Davis,
    It seems that a finnish University is doing a major study on Vitamin D, check this out!

    "The FIND will be a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 5-y supplementation study of the benefits and risks of vitamin D in the primary prevention of CVD and cancer among 18000 men ≥60 y and women ≥65 y. The participants will be randomized to 3 groups with 6000 in each, with daily supplementation of either: 1) 40 µg/d (1600 IU) of vitamin D3, 2) 80 µg/d (3200 IU) of vitamin D3, or 3) placebo. Compliance, use of non-study drugs or supplements, diet, development of endpoints, and CVD and cancer risk factors will be assessed by questionnaires. Blood samples will be collected for assessment of effect modification by baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D, as well as for future ancillary studies of genetic/biochemical hypotheses."

    https://www.uef.fi/nutritionepidemiologists/find2

    Looks awesome to me. What do you think? Highest dose arm 80 µg a day for 5 years is more than VITAL.

  • Dr. William Davis

    9/29/2011 1:04:13 AM |

    Hi, Johnny--

    Excellent!

    In the meantime, the effects I continue to witness are so powerful that I still advocate correcting vitamin D to 60-70 ng/ml.

  • N

    11/30/2011 6:51:30 PM |

    Hi Doc,

    A quick question on vitamin D:
    I recently tested at 17 ng/ml for vit d.  (had been supplementing w/ 2000 iu of D3 for 2 weeks previous to that).
    The doc is recommending I take 40,000 IU once a week for several months until it stabilizes, and then switching to lower supplementation.

    A few questions:
    (1)  Obviously this will be D2 not D3 since it's prescribed - just go with it?  I believe I read a study somewhere that showed D2 ended up being as effective as D3 despite being slower.
    (2)  Thoughts on taking these large "catchup" doses rather than a more consistent 10,000 IU/day regimen?

    My other stats:  Age 31, 160lbs, Total Cholesterol = 204, HDL = 60, Triglycerides around 100.

  • Dr. William Davis

    12/1/2011 4:20:49 AM |

    You are closer to the truth, N, than your doctor. Clearly your doctor is fairly ignorant of the emerging issues with vitamin D.

    While dosing can vary, depending on body size, race, genetics, etc., 10,000 units per day of D3 would be a typical effective dose.

  • Lynn Ertell

    12/16/2012 6:40:56 AM |

    I had read that about 20-30 minutes of sunlight daily were required for Vitamin D absorption.    Having already gone through Mohs surgery for a tiny basal cell carcinoma on my nose - and being "melanin challenged" - I have always tried to cover up or stay out of direct sun.  Sun blocks apparently have some questionable compounds in them.  I jog 2 miles every day if its not raining or snowing.  So on a sunny day that's 20-30 minutes of exposure.  Should Vitamin D dosage be varied according to daily sun exposure ?   Self-prescribing dosage of supplements is a real headache for me.  I don't have a clue.   It would sure help if there were affordable food sources of sufficient Vitamin D.   What about dairy ?

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Why an RDA for vitamin D?

The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the Institute of Medicine is charged with setting the values for the Recommended Daily Allowances of various essential nutrients. However, when it comes to vitamin D, the FNB decided that "evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA and [an Adequate Intake, AI] is set at a level assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy."

The National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements lists the AI's for various groups of people:

14-18 years
Male 200 IU
Female 200 IU

19-50 years
Male 200 IU
Female 200 IU

51-70 years
Male 400 IU
Female 400 IU

71+ years
Male 600 IU
Female 600 IU


A reconsideration is apparently being planned in near-future that will (hopefully) incorporate the newest clinical data on vitamin D.

My question: Who cares what the FNB decides? Let me explain.

I monitor blood levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D to assess the 1) starting level of vitamin D without supplementation, and 2) levels while on supplementation, preferably every 6 months (during sunny weather, during cold weather). I have done for the past 3 years in over 1000 people.

The requirement for vitamin D dose in adults, in my experience, ranges from as low as 1000 units per day to as high as 20,000 units per day, rarely more. The vast majority of women require 5000 units per day, males 6000 units per day to maintain a blood level in the desirable range. (I aim for 60-70 ng/ml.) A graph of the distribution of vitamin D needs in my area (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is a bell curve, a curve more heavily weighted towards the upper vitamin D dose range.

Need for vitamin D to achieve the same blood level is influenced by age, sex, body size, race, presence or absence of a gallbladder, as well as other factors. But needs vary, even among similar people. For instance, a 50-year old woman weighing 140 lbs might need 4000 units per day to achieve a blood level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D of 65 ng/ml. Another 50-year old woman weighing 140 lbs might need 8000 units to achieve the same level, and 4000 units might increase her level to only 38 ng/ml. Two similar women, very different vitamin D needs. The differences can be striking.

Being a hormone--not a vitamin, as it was incorrectly labeled--vitamin D needs to be tightly regulated. We should have neither too little nor too much. I would liken it to thyroid hormones, which need to be tightly regulated for ideal health.

Now the FNB, in light of new data, wants to set new AI's, or even RDA's, for vitamin D for the U.S. This is an impossible--impossible--task. There is no way a broad policy can be crafted that serves everyone. It is impossible to state that all men or women, categorized by age, require X units vitamin D. This is pure folly and it is misleading.

The only rational answer for the FNB to provide is to declare that:

It is not possible to establish the precise need for vitamin D in a specific individual because of the multiplicity of factors, only some of which are known, that determine vitamin D needs. Individual need can only be determined by assessing the blood level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D prior to initiation of replacement and periodically following replacement to assess the adequacy of replacement dose. Continuing reassessment is recommended (e.g., every 6-12 months), as needs change with weight, lifestyle, and age.

Sure, it adds around $100-150 per year per person for lab testing to assess vitamin D levels. But the health gains made--reduced fractures, reduced incidence of diabetes, reduced colon, breast, and prostate cancer, less depression, reduced heart attack and heart procedures--will more than compensate.

Bargains for Armour Thyroid

We use Armour thyroid almost exclusively. I take it myself.

I am thoroughly convinced that, for at least 70% of people requiring thyroid replacement, the added T3 component makes a world of difference compared to isolated T4: More energy, greater alertness, better mental clarity, better weight loss, larger effects on lipoprotein(a).

However, there are substantial price disparities in different pharmacies.

For instance, in Milwaukee, a one month supply of 1 grain (60 mg) tablets costs:

Walgreen's: $36.00

Walmart: $9.54


That's a considerable price difference of nearly 400%. It therefore always pays to do a little bit of shopping.

Heart scan mis-information on WebMD

If you want information on how prescription drugs fit into your life, then go to WebMD.

But, if you are looking for information that cuts through the bullcrap, is untainted by the heavy-handed tactics of the drug industry, or doesn't support the "a heart catheterization for everyone" mentality, then don't go there.

A Heart Scan Blog reader turned up this gem on the WebMD site:

Should I have a coronary calcium scan to check for heart disease?

In their report, they list some reasons why a heart scan should not be obtained:

Most of the time, a physical exam and other tests can give your doctor enough information about your risk for heart disease.

You've got to be kidding me. What tests are they talking about?

EKG? An EKG is a crude test that tells us virtually nothing about the coronary arteries or risk for heart attack. It is helpful for heart rhythm disorders and other abnormalities, but virtually useless for coronary disease unless a heart attack is underway or has already occurred.

Cholesterol? What level of cholesterol tells you whether you have heart disease? Tim Russert, for instance, had the same cholesterol values 5 years before his death as on the day of his death. How would cholesterol have told his doctor that heart disease was present? Does an LDL cholesterol of 180 mg/dl tell you that someone has heart disease, while a value of 130 mg/dl does not?

Stress test? You mean like the normal stress test Bill Clinton had 3 months before his near-fatal collapse? Stress tests are a gauge of coronary flow, not of coronary atherosclerosis. Huge amounts of coronary plaque can be present while a stress test--flow--remains normal.

No, a physical exam does not uncover hidden heart disease. The annual physical is, in fact, a miserable failure for detection of hidden heart disease.


You already know that your risk for heart disease is low or high. The test works best in people who are at medium risk but have no symptoms.

This bit of fiction comes from a compromise statement in the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association "consensus" document detailing the role of heart scans in heart disease detection. Because conventional thinkers don't like the idea of very early detection in seemingly "low risk" people, nor do they like the idea of diabetics and smokers getting a heart scan because it's "obvious" that they are already at high risk, the middle ground was taken: Scan only people at "intermediate risk."

What the heck is "intermediate risk"? Are you intermediate risk?

In real life, using standard criteria (e.g., Framingham scoring) to decide who is low-, intermediate-, or high-risk fails to identify over 1/3 of people with heart disease, while subjecting many without heart disease (plaque) to needless treatment (meaning statins, since that's the only real preventive treatment on most doc's armamentarium).

Another fact: Heart scans are quantitative, not just normal or abnormal. Your heart scan score could be 5, it could be 150, it could be 500, or 5000---it makes a world of difference. The risk of someone with a score of 5000 is at very different risk than someone with a score of 5. It also provides much greater precision in determining a specific individual's risk.



The test could give a high score even if your arteries aren't blocked. This might lead to extra tests that you don't need.

This is true--if you doctor has no idea what he's doing.

This is like saying that you should never take your car to the repair shop because all mechanics are crooks. If you have an unscrupulous cardiologist who tells you that your heart scan score of 25 means you are a "walking time bomb" and heart catheterization is necessary to determine whether you "need" a stent . . . well, this is no different than the shady mechanic who advises you that your car's engine needs to be rebuilt for $3000, when all you really needed was a few new spark plugs.

Coronary plaque is coronary plaque, and all coronary plaque has potential for rupture (heart attack)--even if it doesn't block flow. This is true at a score of 10, or 100, or 1000--all plaque is potentially rupture-prone, though the more plaque you have, the greater the likelihood.


Not all blocked arteries have calcium. So you could get a low calcium score and still be at risk.

They're missing the point: ANY calcium score carries risk, so a low score should not be interpreted as having no risk. But, just because a procedure like stenting or bypass surgery is not necessary to restore flow, it does not mean that risk for plaque rupture is not present--it is.

Any heart scan score should be taken seriously, meaning sufficient reason to engage in a program of heart disease prevention.

Although not perfect, coronary calcium scoring remains the easiest, most accessible, and least expensive means for identifying and quantifying coronary atherosclerosis--whether or not WebMD and drug industry money endorse them.

Heart disease prevention for the helpless, ignorant, or non-compliant

The media outlets are gushing with the "research"/marketing spinoff of the JUPITER trial, an analysis conducted by Dr. Erica Spatz of Yale University, that suggests that statin use should be expanded to many millions more Americans.

USA Today: Study: 11M more should get statins

MedPage: JUPITER Findings Could Boost Statin Use by 20%

Health Day: Millions More Americans Might Be Placed on Statins

WebMD: More May Benefit From Cholesterol Drugs: Study Shows More Would Qualify for Statin Treatment if Levels of C-Reactive Protein Are Considered


You may recall that the JUPITER trial (discussed previously in a Heart Scan Blog post) studied the cardiovascular event risk in people with "normal" LDL cholesterols (calculated, of course, not measured) of 130 mg/dl or less, along with increased c-reactive protein, a crude inflammatory measure, of 2.0 mg/dl or greater. A 54% (relative) reduction in cardiovascular events occured in the group taking Crestor 20 mg per day.

What I see is a confluence of events that have brought us to the "statin drugs are necessary for everybody" mentality:

--The low-fat diet advice of the last 40 years has increased non-fat or low-fat foods that increase LDL, since removing fat from the diet provokes small LDL particle production and increases the inflammatory measure, c-reactive protein (CRP).

--The proliferation of "healthy whole grains" in the diet have also caused an enormous boom in small LDL particles, which is interpreted to the uninformed as "high cholesterol." It has also provoked CRP substantially.

--The advice to reduce salt intake has brought a broad re-emergence of iodine deficiency. When thyroid hormone production flags due to lack of iodine, LDL cholesterol (both large and small) increase.

--Our lives, which are increasingly conducted indoors, have worsened the already substantial vitamin D deficiency. While deficiency of vitamin D primarily reduces HDL cholesterol and increases triglycerides, it can also cause an increase in small LDL and a large increase in CRP.


In other words, a collection of events have converged to provide the appearance of high LDL cholesterol and high CRP. This creates the appearance of a "need" for statin drugs. The JUPITER trial now exploits both the LDL-reducing and CRP-decreasing effects of statins.

I view the foisting of Crestor via the JUPITER argument on the public as taking full advantage of the helpless situation many Americans find themselves in: Reduce fat intake, eat more healthy whole grains and . . . cholesterol and CRP skyrocket! "You need Crestor! See, I told you it was genetic," says the doctor after attending the nice AstraZeneca-sponsored drug dinner.

The notion of using a drug like Crestor to suppress inflammatory patterns is absurd. There are far better, easier, cheaper ways to achieve this goal, along with dramatic reduction in cardiovascular risk. But, to the ignorant, the helpless, or non-compliant with real change in diet and lifestyle, then Crestor does serve a purpose.

I can only hope that the excessive pushing of statin drugs on the public will sooner or later trigger a revolt.

Dangerous mis-information on vitamin D


Please be aware of the ignorant propagating information they have no business talking about.

This is one such example, a newsletter from pop exercise guru, Denise Austin.

Although I'm sure she means well, I have a problem with people who have little to no experience acting as experts, often simply repeating something they heard or read somewhere else. This has become particular problem with the internet, in which bad information can get repeated thousands of times, gaining a veil of "truth" through its repetition. I don't mean to pick specifically on Ms. Austin, since she joins a growing rank of pseudo-experts on vitamin D and other topics, but she provides a good example of how far wrong mainstream information can be.



Simple Steps
Do Your D!


Calcium often gets all the glory when it comes to bone health. But calcium wouldn't benefit your bones much without its partner, vitamin D!

Why? Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium and keeps your bones strong; without enough vitamin D, the bones become weak and brittle, a condition called rickets in children, and osteomalacia in adults. Adults from 19 to 50 need 200 IU (international units) per day, while those from 51 to 70 need 400 IU daily. Those over 70 need 600 IU per day.

Unfortunately, not too many foods contain vitamin D naturally. (Tuna and sardines canned in oil are exceptions.) The good news is that many foods are now regularly fortified with vitamin D, including milk, some yogurts, margarines, and cereals. You can check the Nutrition Facts panel on packages and containers to see which products contain vitamin D. It should be listed after vitamins A and C, along with the percentage of the Daily Value that a serving of the food contains. The Daily Value (a standardized amount) for vitamin D is 400 IU, so if your milk has 25 percent of the Daily Value, it provides 100 IU per serving.

Your skin can also make vitamin D using sunlight — you need about a half hour of exposure to the midday sun twice a week to make enough. However, because of the increasing incidence of skin cancer in recent years, many experts are wary about recommending sun exposure.

So take a closer look at milk, yogurt, cereal, and margarine selections when you're doing your weekly shopping, and stock up on brands that are fortified with vitamin D. Challenge yourself to consume one source of vitamin D at least three days in the coming week! If you cannot eat or do not like any foods that contain vitamin D or are fortified with it, talk with your health care provider ASAP about taking a supplement. Your bones will thank you for it!



Let me list the mistakes in this piece:

Adults from 19 to 50 need 200 IU (international units) per day, while those from 51 to 70 need 400 IU daily. Those over 70 need 600 IU per day.

This is the same non-information that was the advice originally offered by the Food and Nutrition Board based on a best guesstimate due to lack of data. It is clear from newer data that doses required for full restoration of vitamin D are in the thousands of units. (My personal dose for full restoration of vitamin judged by serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D is 8000 units per day.)

The information coming from the Food and Nutrition Board is about as good as the information coming from the USDA (you know, that "government" agency meant to represent the interests of ConAgra, Cargill, and Big Farming) and the American Heart Association (that represents consensus opinion from data 20 years out of date and now arm-in-arm with Big Food like General Mills, Kraft, and Nabisco). These agencies and the advice they offer has, over the past few years, become increasingly irrelevant and outdated. It is the Information Age, in which ulterior motives are becoming more readily exposed, yet they still operate by the rules of the Industrial Age and deliver a message that serves their own purposes.

Ms. Austin fell for it.


The good news is that many foods are now regularly fortified with vitamin D, including milk, some yogurts, margarines, and cereals.

First of all, what is a "diet expert" doing advocating industrial foods? Cereals, in particular, are among the worst foods on the supermarket shelves, whether or not they are fortified. Candy bars can be fortified, too; that doesn't make them any better for you.

The vitamin D added to these foods is, more often than not, the ergocalcferol, or D2, form that is woefully ineffective. And the dose added is trivial, usually in the 100-200 unit range per serving. The same goes for the milk, an inadequate source that we don't even factor into total intakes because of the low quantity.


Your skin can also make vitamin D using sunlight — you need about a half hour of exposure to the midday sun twice a week.


Nope. This might be true for a young person below age 30 in a southern environment. It is NOT true for the majority of people in northern climates and anyone over age 30 or 40, since we lose most of the capacity to activate vitamin D in the skin as we age. A deep, dark Florida tan does not necessarily mean that vitamin D has been activated. See A tan does not equal vitamin D. Here in Wisconsin, where, despite this darn cold winter, does enjoy wonderfully warm and beautiful summers, the average vitamin D dose need ranges from 4000-8000 units per day in summer, slightly more in winter.

By the way, it is not calcium that is instrumental to bone health. It is vitamin D. Calcium is the passive bricks and mortar of bones, while vitamin D is the bricklayer, the determinant of calcium's fate, the master control of bone health. Calcium supplementation becomes almost immaterial when vitamin D is restored.

I praise Ms. Austin for her hard work, trying to help fat Americans lose weight. But please ignore her advice on vitamin D, along with the numbing repetition of this mis-information that will likely propagate from other exercise gurus, dietitians, and pseudoexperts.

A Tale of Two LDL's

Kurt, a 50-year old businessman with a heart scan score of 323, had a :

--Conventional (calculated) LDL of 128 mg/dl
--Real measured LDL 241 mg/dl.


Laurie, a 53-year old woman who underwent a coronary bypass operation last year (before I met her), had a:

--Conventional LDL of 142 mg/dl
--Real measured LDL was 85 mg/dl.


(By "real, measured" LDL, I'm referring to LDL particle number in units of nmol/L obtained through NMR lipoprotein testing and dividing by 10, or just dropping the last digit to convert the value to mg/dl. This technique was arrived at by comparing the population distributions of these two parameters, LDL particle number and calculated LDL. This is the gold standard in my view. Similar numbers can be obtained by measuring apoprotein B, direct LDL, or calculated non-HDL, with diminishing reliability from first to last.)

In other words, Kurt's conventional LDL underestimated real LDL by 88%. Laurie's conventional LDL overestimated real LDL by 40%.

Interestingly, Laurie's doctor had insisted she take Lipitor for a high LDL cholesterol. Her real LDL was, in fact, low to begin with and benefits of a statin drug would be little to none. (Remember, in our Track Your Plaque approach, multiple other treatments are included, such as omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil, vitamin D normalization, and wheat elimination, strategies that yield benefits that others expect to obtain with statins.) Laurie's real cause of her heart disease proved to have nothing to do with LDL cholesterol, but involved lipoprotein(a) and thyroid issues.

Kurt proved to have a severe preponderance of small LDL particles--the worst kind of LDL, while Laurie had none--a benign pattern.

Then how can anyone make sense of the conventional, calculated LDL cholesterol that is generally (95% of the time) provided? If accuracy can stretch to plus or minus 80% . . . you can't. Conventional LDL is a miserably inaccurate number. The problem is that obtaining a superior number requires a step or two more testing and insight, something most busy primary care doc's simply don't have in the midst of a day filled with arthritis, bronchitis, diarrhea, belly aches, and seborrhea.

Yet conventional--I call it "fictitious"--LDL serves as the basis for this $27 billion (annual revenues) industry selling statin drugs.

This is meant to be neither an argument in favor of nor against statin drugs. However, it is plain as day that any study designed to reduce LDL cholesterol will be hopelessly clouded by calculated LDL imprecision. A calculated LDL of, say, 143 mg/dl might really be 187 mg/dl, or it might be 74 mg/dl--you can't tell by looking just at LDL. Yet billions of dollars of research and billions of dollars of healthcare costs are based on the treatment of this number.

This reminds me of the mark-to-market accounting magic that helped topple Wall Street.

I don't think that the statin world is poised for such a huge downfall. But I do see this as a source of enormous dilution of the effects of statin drugs. People who barely stand to benefit get the drugs, while others who might truly benefit are treated inadequately. It provides fuel to the growing idea that reducing LDL cholesterol fails to truly provide benefit.

I am no lover of statin drugs nor drugs in general. But I am a fan of knowing the truth. Despite my bashing of the drug industry (and make no mistake: the drug industry is a cutthroat, profit-seeking, do-anything-to-increase-sales industry), I do believe that there is a role for statin drugs (though far smaller than $27 billion per year). But the usual method of selecting people for treatment is pure fiction. The ATP-III cholesterol treatment guidelines? An anemic attempt to apply structure to meaningless values.

You and I do not need to subscribe to this sort of non-quantitative nonsense.

Niacin scams

In the Track Your Plaque program, we often resort to niacin (vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid) to:

--Raise HDL cholesterol
--Reduce the proportion of small LDL particles
--Shift HDL towards the healthy larger fraction (HDL2b or "large")
--Reduce lipoprotein(a), the most aggressive risk factor known


But niacin comes with a crazy "hot flush," a warm, prickly feeling that usually envelops the upper chest, neck and face that is, without a doubt, annoying. Around 1 in 20 people simply cannot tolerate any amount of niacin >100 mg, while others have no problem even into the 3000 mg per day or more range. (Tolerance to niacin is genetically determined, governed by the rapidity of metabolism to the niacin metabolite, nicotinuric acid.)

The niacin flush has spawned an entire panel of niacin-like scams, agents that sound like niacin or may even contain niacin, but exert no beneficial effect whatsoever:

Flush-free niacin--I have previously posted on this useless but ubiquitous preparation that often costs several times more than conventional niacin. Flush-free niacin, or inositol hexaniacinate, does indeed contain niacin, but it is not released in the human body. You simply pass it out down the toilet, where this preparation belongs in the first place.

Nicotinamide--Also called niacinamide. While the nicotinamide/niacinamide forms of vitamin B3 can be used to treat B3 deficiency ("pellagra"), they do not reproduce the lipid and lipoprotein effects of niacin. For our purposes, they are useless.

Niacin-containing heart-healthy supplements--These are the multi-supplements that contain a little of everything that might be beneficial for the heart, but none at a dose that provides genuine benefit. Don't throw your money away.


There's also a prescription niacin, Niaspan, that costs 20-fold more than the best over-the-counter preparation, Sloniacin. Niaspan has yielded hundreds of millions of dollars for the pharmaceutical industry. Your money, in my view, is far better spent on Sloniacin (around $12-14 per bottle of 100 tablets of 500 mg).

For more on niacin, here's an article I wrote for the Life Extension Magazine people a while back: Using Niacin to Improve Cardiovascular Health.

Deja vu all over again?

HeartHawk brought a report and debate on The Heart.Org website to my attention:

Screening for risk factors or detecting disease? Debate divides the CV community. After landing on theheart.org, paste this onto your URL address:article/883239.do. (Full address: http://www.theheart.org/article/883239.do. I don't know why, but I couldn't go there directly.)

Some interesting comments:

Dr. Jay Cohn (University of Minnesota):

"They're saying that we can't identify disease very effectively so let's just stick with risk factors, which we know are very poorly predictive and nonspecific. It boggles my mind as to why they won't open up their minds to the importance of moving forward in finding better strategies to identify the disease that we are treating. It's very strange. They criticize these disease markers because they are not predictive of events, but they are looking at very short-term outcomes. We're interested in lifetime risk. We're screening people in their 40s who are concerned about morbid events in their 60s and 70s, and no trials are going to track them that long."

"You have to accept the pathophysiologic reality that heart attacks don't occur in the absence of coronary disease, and coronary disease doesn't occur in the absence of endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease, all of which now can be identified."

". . . Can we as a society and as a profession accept the idea that there is a link between the vascular abnormalities and the events? "And that that linkage is tight enough that it should allow us to accept slowing of progression of the vascular abnormalities as an adequate marker for slowing disease progression, without waiting for events to occur? As soon as you use the word surrogate, people jump up and say we have all these markers that we know don't work well—things like premature ventricular contractions [PVCs] on the electrocardiogram, LDL, HDL—but those are not the markers we're talking about. We're talking about structural and functional changes in the blood vessel and in the heart."



Wow. The idea may be starting to catch on.

As an interesting aside, Cohn et al use a 10-test panel to screen for vascular disease:

"Named for the center's benefactor, the Rasmussen score includes tests for large and small artery elasticity (compliance), resting blood pressure, blood-pressure response to moderate treadmill exercise, optic fundus photography, carotid intimal-media thickness (IMT), microalbuminuria, electrocardiography, left ventricular (LV) ultrasonography for LV volume and mass, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Each test result is scored out of 10 for low, intermediate, or high risk, and the combined results yields a score that Cohn et al believe is more predictive than any of the existing standalone tests."


The counterarguments in this debate were provided by Dr. Philip Greenland (Northwestern University), who repeated his oft-used argument that, while he accepts that vascular disease can be identified, no one has proven that measuring it improves outcomes:

"We do have that evidence for risk-factor screening. Even though people criticize risk-factor assessment because it is not sensitive enough or not accurate enough, the interesting and curious thing is that we actually have evidence that if you go to the trouble of screening for risk factors and treating them, patients have better outcomes. We do not have that evidence for any of these other tests."


An interesting debate ensues that includes Track Your Plaque friend, Dr. William Blanchet, who characteristically argues persuasively in favor of broad screening for coronary disease with coronary calcium scoring:

"If we were doing our jobs in primary prevention, we would not need to look at improved intervention and secondary prevention to reduce coronary death."


Here's a shock: Dr. Melissa Shirley-Walton, the cardiologist who previously preached the "cath lab on every corner" argument seems to have undergone a change of heart:

"What if I walked up to a gentleman and said, "you are at risk for CAD, take a statin", to which he replies, "I'm afraid of those meds". BUT if he sees his calcium score........he is then convinced to be pro-active. What is so wrong with that? What is so wrong with allowing him to spend 250.00 US out of pocket in order to save the US 150,000.00 US later on?

No hard endpoints you say with intensive therapy for primary prevention? What about extrapolating from trials for secondary prevention like HATS? ARBITER2? And what exactly is the true definition of secondary prevention? Is it truly primary prevention if we already have intima thickness abnormalities, or fatty streaks? That would more likely fall under secondary prevention by today's new standards.

So, I'm all for any visual aid that will encourage compliance with life style change, necessary medical therapy and followup. If the patient is willing to spend 250.00$ to get a calcium score, so be it. Better yet, why not lower the price so everyone can have the option if they are motivated enough to seize an opportunity?"



I have to admit that I thought that Dr. Blanchet was wasting his time trying to persuade Shirley-Walton et al, but perhaps he is having an impact, though having hammered away at them for the last year or so.

These arguments, for me, eerily echo many previous debates I've heard. But I am encouraged by the more favorable treatment the notion of atherosclerosis screening is receiving. Just 5 years ago, all coronary calcium scoring would have received from the conventionalists is "more clinical studies are needed."

So perhaps the cardiology and medical worlds are inching slowly towards broad acceptance of screening for coronary and vascular disease.

BUT, screening is not sufficient. What do you do with the information?

Here is where the conventional-thinkers stop. The question that seems to occupy them: Perhaps we should screen people for hidden coronary and vascular atherosclerosis so we can better decide who needs a statin drug or a procedure.

I would pose a different challenge: We should screen people for hidden coronary and vascular atherosclerosis so we can better decide who needs to engage in an intensive program of disease reversal using natural means and as little medication and procedures as possible.

Well, perhaps in time.

Lead to Gold: The alchemy of transforming nutritional-supplement-to-medication

Here's a recipe to make hundreds of millions of dollars. Others have done it and you can do it, too!

1) Identify a nutritional supplement that works.

Find some agent deemed to fall within the broad allowances of the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act . However, because this agent is already in the public domain and is essential non-patent-protectable, you may need to develop some patent protectable aspect of its production, application, or encapsulation. This patent-protected aspect may or may not provide genuine advantage, but that's not your concern. Your concern is protecting your investment and providing the appearance of exclusivity.


2) Identify a medical indication for your product.

Choose a disease or condition that is likely to yield unquestioned efficacy, e.g., omega-3 fatty acids to reduce high triglycerides in people with familial hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides >500 mg/dl). While this will restrict your ability to make market claims, it will not restrain your ability to sell or allow use of your agent for "off-label" applications. In fact, there are methods to surreptitiously promote the use of your product for off-label use, such as hiring experts to discuss the science behind your product with doctors who can prescribe your product. Ideally, your product's primary indication will provide a substantial market on its own to justify your investment. However, the eventual off-label sales can be substantial, even outstripping the sales generated through your primary indication.


3) Obtain at least $230 million to pay for the clinical trials required to obtain FDA approval.

You will also have to raise the capital to build the business to manufacture, distribute, and sell your product.


4) After FDA approval is obtained, your business is up and running, and distribution begins, start bashing the non-FDA-approved nutritional products that stand to compete in your market.

You could point out that only your product has actually passed through the rigorous FDA process. You could make claims regarding purity, potency, "approved by your doctor," etc., whether or not there is any truth behind the claim.


5) Buy that second vacation home in Aspen and the corporate jet you've been dreaming about! After all the risks you've taken, you deserve it!


That's it, plain and simple. It is a tried-and-true formula that has been applied many times.

It is a formula like this that brought Lovaza-brand omega-3 fatty acids to market, Niaspan brand of niacin, ergocalciferol form of vitamin D, Folbee (prescription combination B vitamins), with a slightly different spin for Synthroid (since the Armour Thyroid it is meant to replace is not a nutritional supplement, but a low-cost, generic thyroid replacement).

Whatever you do, don't EVER run a head-to-head comparative trial of your agent versus the nutritional supplement competition. For instance, NEVER compare Lovaza to supplemental fish oil capsules, matched milligram-for-milligram for EPA and DHA content. NEVER compare Niaspan to over-the-counter Sloniacin. NEVER compare Armour Thyroid to Synthroid. You never know what you might find. (Psssssttt! They might be equivalent!)

The formula is not a foolproof road paved with riches, however. There have been market failures, as well. Folbee, for instance, is hardly a household name. So there's risk involved, no question about it. But, should it all work out, the payoff can be big, VERY big, as it has been for Niaspan and Lovaza.

So, start thinking about how you might follow this formula for:

1) Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)--e.g., for osteopenia, low HDL, or high c-reactive protein
2) Vitamin K2--also for osteopenia
3) Magnesium--for suppression of ventricular arrhythmias (especially Torsade de Pointes)
4) Iodine--for goiter and iodine deficiency
5) Vitamin C--for uric acid reduction

Who said you can't turn lead into gold?